!P^,'-PiP^oP^ 


F83 
1831 


6'^ 


# 


ALUMNI  LIBRARY, 
f    THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY, 

PRINCETON,  N.  J. 


Case,    Div 
Book, 


No, .._. 


ie^S^Cr 


^A 


V  ^ 

'-^  //^. 


./  r^i 


ft. 


.  i  A  iipsw  Edition     I^^J^a^.^  t 


OF  A 


CONSIDERABLY  ALTERED, 


MUCH  ENLARGED. 


BY  JOSEPH   SAMUEL  C.  F.^RET, 


EDITOR   OF    A   NEW    EDITION    OF    VANDERHOOGHT  S    HEBREW   BIBLI^ 

AND    AUTHOR   OF   A    HEBREW    LEXICON   IN 

LATIN    AND    ENGLISH. 


NEW- YORK: 
PUBLISHED  BY  S.  HOYT  &  CO. 

Framkung  BUILDIMGy, 


1831. 


'L. 


Southern  District  of  Ktw-York,  ss. 

m&smt*     33e  it  Hmemftetrt,  that  on  the  4th  day  of  October,  In 

i  r    c  I  the  48th  year  Of  the  Independence  ofthe  United  States  Of  America, 

^  ^     •  I  E  Bliss  k.  E  White,  of  the  said  District,  have  deposited  in  this  of- 

♦Ha^HaiC*  fice  the  title  of  a  Book,  the  right  whereof  they  claim  as  Proprietors, 

in  thfSTfollowing,  to  wit :  "  A  new  Edition  of  a  Hf-  Gramma^  cons.de^ 

rablv  altered,  and  much  enlarged.     By  Joseph  Samuel  C.  F.  Frey,  Editor  of  a 

"ewEdSn  of  Vanderhooght's  Hebrew  Bible,  and  Author  of  a  Hebrew  Lexicon 

"^rl"ontrm''i?y'tfthe  Act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled  ''An  Act 
for  the  encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and 
Books!to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  «he  t^e  therem  men^ 
tioned  ••  And  also  to  an  Act,  entitled  "  an  Act,  supplementary  to  «?»«:«'/'"<'•'«* 
an  Ac  for  the  encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps, 
Chart  and  Books,  to%he  authors  ami  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the 
times  Iherein  mentioned,  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  design- 
ing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  P"^*^j^j,g  ^^^^ 

Clerk  of  the  Southerri  District  ofNew-Ywh. 


rxu5i*ACE  or  the  rmsT  EDZTZoiff. 


1  HE  knowledge  of  different  Languages  has  ever  been  con- 
sidered the  only  genuine  key  to  the  records  of  history  and  the 
learning  of  past  ages. 

The  Greek  and  Latin,  amongst  the  more  ancient  languages, 
have  each  their  peculiar  advantages,  which  have  been  estimat- 
ed by  the  learned  of  all  countries.  Of  late  years,  the  Arabic, 
Persian,  and  other  Eastern  tongues,  have  also  been  studied 
with  considerable  success  and  great  augmentation  to  the  ge- 
neral stores  of  literature.  But  to  the  Scholar,  to  the  Chris- 
tian, and  more  especially  to  the  minister  of  the  Gospel,  the 
acquirement  of  the  Hebrew  language,  (it  being  that  in  which 
the  Old  Testament  was  originally  written,)  presents  itself  with 
peculiar  force  and  propriety,  as  an  object  very  greatly  to  be 
desired. 

At  the  present  enlightened  period  of  the  world,  and  in  the 
happy  country  in  which  we  live,  where  zealous  endeavours  are 
making  to  promote  the  conversion  of  the  Jews,  it  might  be 
urged  that  the  Hebrew  language,  if  well  understood,  rightly 
pronounced,*  and  brought  into  use,  for  that  purpose,  might  be 
most  efficacious  to  Drove,  from  Moses  and  the  Prophets,  that 
Jesus  is  the  Christ. 

There  are,  however,  comparatively,  but  very  few  persons 
who  have  a  knowledge  of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  original 


•  If  Christian  preachers  were  sensible  of  the  good  or  bad  effects  produced  upon 
the  minds  of  the  Jews,  according  as  they  pronounce  the  Hebrew  language  correct- 
ly or  incorrectly,  they  would  think  no  time  too  long,  and  no  pains  too  great,  to  ac- 
quire the  correct  and  accurate  pronunciation.  This  Note  is  particularly  worlliy  the 
consideratioQ  of  the  ADti-Puncluitts. 


IV 

tongue :  one  cause  of  which,  may  be  the  want  of  suitable  Gram* 
mars  ;  those  in  use  being,  in  general,  either  so  bulky  as  to  ex- 
haust the  strength  and  patience  of  the  student,  or  so  intricate 
as  to  perplex  and  bewilder  him  ;  and  there  are  yet  others, 
which,  in  order  to  avoid  these  evils,  are  so  short  that  they  fail 
entirely  of  conveying  the  desired  instruction.  There  are,  in- 
deed, a  few  which  are,  in  some  measure,  free  from  these  defects; 
but,  being  written  in  Latin,  they  are  to  the  generality  of  readers 
pealed  up  and  useless.  Thus  many  persons,  who,  from  love 
and  veneration  to  the  Bible,  would  gladly  study  Hebrew,  are 
either  afraid  to  begin,  or  are  soon  wearied  with  the  task. 

A  consideration  of  these  several  circumstances  has  led  the 
author  to  revise  and  enlarge  the  present  work,  originally  com- 
posed for  the  instruction  of  the  students  in  the  Missionary  Se- 
minary at  Gosport;  and,  for  a  number  of  years  together,  it 
has  been  his  study  to  improve,  from  every  source  of  which 
he  could  avail  himself  in  the  Hebrew,  Latin,  English,  and 
German  languages,  and  to  render  it  as  simple,  yet,  at  the  same 
time,  as  comprehensive,  as  possible. 

From  the  office  of  Hebrew  Teacher,  which  the  author  sus- 
tained amongst  his  own  nation,  and  from  the  numerous  pupils 
he  has  since  had  amongst  Christians,  he  has  had  opportunities 
of  trying  and  altering  the  Rules,  as  long  as  the  pupils  met  with 
any  difficulty  ;  and  he  humbly  hopes  he  has,  in  some  measure, 
succeeded  in  opening  the  way  to  obtain  the  knowledge  of  this 
most  ancient  and  sacred  language,  in  less  time,  and  with  far 
less  difficulty  and  perplexity  than  any  other  language,  whether 
ancient  or  modern.  This  Grammar  is  divided  into  distinct 
chapters,  and  each  chapter  followed  by  exercises  according  to 
the  preceding  Rules,  that  practice  and  theory  might  go  hand 
io  hand. 


THE  AUTHOR. 


tanion  .'—Jdount  Street,  Whilechapel  Road. } 
May,  1813.  \ 


A 


rREFACE  TO  THE  PRESENT  EDITION. 


In  the  preface  to  this  edition  the  author  intended  to  have 
introduced  several  important  dissertations  on  the  antiquity  and 
utility  of  the  Hebrew  Language,  on  the  authority  and  import- 
ance of  the  Vowel  Points,  k,c.  &c.  but  time  and  circumstances 
will  allow  him  to  add  only  a  few  words  to  the  original 
preface. 

1.  This  is  a  new  edition  of  the  author's  own  Grammar,  pub- 
lished in  London,  in  1811.  This  observation  appears  to  be 
necessary,  lest  he  should  be  charged  with  plagiarism  by  those 
who  have  seen  "  a  Hebrew  Grammar,  published  at  Harvard 
College,  in  1817,  by  Professor  Willard,"  in  which  almost  every 
Rule  and  Exercise  appears  to  be  taken  from  the  above  edition 
of  1811,  with  the  exception  of  the  chapter  on  Syntax,  and  some 
alteration  in  the  Pronunciation. 

2.  The  author's  indefatigable  labours  in  the  original  com- 
position of  this  Grammar,  and  the  great  expense  in  its  publica- 
tion, have  been  abundantly  recompensed  by  the  public  appro- 
bation the  work  hath  met  with.  A  large  edition  was  soon  dis- 
posed of  It  hath  been  reprinted  in  London,  and  several  edi- 
tions have  appeared  in  an  abridged  or  slightly  altered  form. 
The  high  encomiums  the  work  hath  received  from  some  of  the 
best  reviewers  and  critics  are  too  many  and  too  large  to  be 
inserted  here.  A  single  testimony  from  the  Rev.  James  Kidd, 
professor  of  Oriental  Languages  in  the  Marishal  College  and 
University  of  Aberdeen,  must  suffice. 

"After  an  attentive  perusal  of  Mr.  Frey's  Grammar,  and 
after  comparing  it  with  others,  I  have  to  remark  that,  in  gene- 


VI 

ral,  it  equals  the  best  Hebrew  Grammars  that  have  appeared ; 
that  his  plan  is  altogether  of  a  different  nature,  and  highly 
superior  j  that  in  his  attempts  to  procure  an  accurate  pronun- 
ciation of  the  Hebrew  Language,  he  exceeds  all  his  predeces- 
sors ;  that  his  view  of  the  particles  is  a  most  superior  and 
elaborate  article ;  that,  in  fine,  the  Grammar  possesses  a  rank 
high  in  Oriental  literature." 

3.  In  this  edition  the  author  hath  made  considerable  altera- 
tions and  additions.  To  remove  every  stumbling  block  out  of 
the  way,  and  to  make  the  student's  path  as  smooth  as  possible, 
most  of  the  exceptions,  and,  at  first,  unnecessary  rules,  have 
been  thrown  into  an  Appendix.  As  the  greatest  difficulty  in 
the  study  of  the  Hebrew  Language  arises  from  the  numerous 
irregular  verbs,  which  dropping  one  or  more  of  their  radicals, 
leave  the  student  in  perplexity  how  to  find  the  Root,  by  which 
not  a  few  have  been  so  discouraged  as  to  give  up  the  whole  in 
disgust,  the  author  hath  added  in  this  edition  all  the  irregular 
verbs,  about  800  in  number,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order, 
under  their  respective  classes,  and  hopes  the  student  will  trea- 
sure up  eight  or  ten  words  a  day,  which  will  greatly  facilitate 
his  labour. 

4.  It  hath  been  a  matter  of  deep  regret  to  the  author  that  so 
many  typographical  errors  had  crept  into  the  former  edition. 
Great  care  hath  been  taken  to  make  the  present  work  as  perfect 
as  possible,  yet  should  any  mistakes  be  discovered  by  the 
author,  or  be  pointed  out  to  him,  they  may  easily  be  corrected, 
as  the  work  is  stereotyped. 

5.  It  is  impossible  for  the  author  to  express  his  pleasure  and 
satisfaction  in  witnessing  the  great  attention  which  hath  been 
excited  to  the  study  of  the  Hebrew  Language  within  the  last 
twenty-five  years.  Surely  this  is  an  omen  for  good.  Not  only 
will  the  study  and  knowledge  of  the  Old  Testament  be  pro- 
moted thereby,  but  may  it  not  be  considered  an  encouraging 
sign,  that  the  salvation  of  Israel  is  at  hand  ?  Who  knows  not 
that  whilst  the  Hebrew  Nation  flourished  the  Hebrew  Language 
was  a  vernacular  tongue  ?    When  the  tribes  of  Jacob  were  led 


captive  the  Hebrew  Language  was  mixed  with,  and  almost  ef 
changed  for,  the  Chaldaic ;  and  since  Judah  hath  been  scattered 
amongst  all  nations,  and  become  the  object  of  hatred  and  sub- 
ject of  persecution,  the  Sacred  Language  also  hath  been  ne- 
glected, and  become  a  hissing  and  proverb  amongst  the  people ; 
but  of  late  both  the  Hebrew  Nation  and  the  Hebrew  Language 
have  been  remembered  for  good,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  chris- 
tian world  will  never  cease  to  promote  their  true  honour  and 
glory  till  that  happy  day  shall  arrive,  when  "  the  Lord  shall 
turn  to  the  people  a  pure  language,"  and  "  all  shall  speak  the 
language  of  Canaan." 

That  this  Grammar  may  at  least  in  some  measure  be  sub- 
servient in  forwarding  this  important  end,  is  the  desire  and 
prayer  of 

THE  AUTHOR. 

Jfcw-Yorki  September,  1823. 


Chapter.  Pas' 

I.  The  Alphabet    .     .      . 
Exercise  1.  Letters  only 

II.  Points 

Sec.  1.  Vowels       .     . 

2.  Maph-pik 

3.  Dagesh       .     . 

4.  Mak-kaph 

5.  Accents      .     . 

Exercise  2.  Letters  and 

Points        .... 
Exer.  3.  Letters,  points, 
and  Accents    .     .     . 
III.  Reading    .... 
Exer.  4  to  9,   Spelling 
and  Reading  Lessons     9 
IV.  Article       ....     20 

V.  Nouns 20 

VI.  Adjectives       ...     22 

VII.  Pronouns  ....     23 

Pronouns  Declined       24 

Do.  affixed  to  Nouns    25 

VIII.  Verbs 26 

Example  of  a    regular 

Verb 28 

Exer.  10.  Verbs  conju- 
gated like  "107       .     38 

Tables  or  Paradigms  of  a  regular 
and  of  irregular  Verbs  : 


Paradigm  L  Of  a  regular 
Verb    HdS        .    . 


40' 


Chapter.  Pagt' 

VIII.  Parad.  2.  Of  an  irregu- 
lar Verb  K'^fi       S^JJ     42 

3.  ♦"'D       ^^"J     44 

4.  y^       \l^^     46 

5.  VV       Dip     48 

6.  'y  Geminatum  ^5p     50 

7.  N*S       NVO     52 

T      T 

8.         T}"h     nS:i  54 

T    T 

9.    The    Substantive 

Verb  .     .     rT\1     56 

T  T 

IX.  Pronominal   affixes   to 
Verbs       ....     60 

Paradigm  of  a  Verb  with 
Pronominal  Affixes     61 
X.  Particles     ....     63 

XI.  Servile  letters     .     .       69 

XII.  Rules  for  finding  the 
Root       ....     71 

XIII.  Changes   of  Letters 
and  Points  ...     72 

XIV.  Numerals  ....     74 
XV.  Syntax       ....     75 

Analysis  ....  78 
Appendix,  containing  addi- 
tional rules  and  exempli- 
fications in  the  order  of 
the  preceding  chapters  89 
Genesis,  chapters  1  to  5,  in 
Hebrew 119 


HEBREW    GRAMMAR. 


CHAPTER  I. 


THE  ALPHABET. 


Col.  1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Tinal 
Letters. 

Figure. 

Names. 

Correspond- 
ing Letters. 

Numerical 
Power. 

Similarity  in 
sliape. 

J<       1 

Aleph 



1 

3j. 

Baith 

B 

2 

D       1 

Vaith 

V 

:i   3 

Gimmel 

G 

3 

i    :i 

1     4 

Dalelh 

D 

4 

n  5 

Hay 

H 

5 

T^"' 

1     6 

Wav 

W 

6 

r   7 

Zayin 

Z 

7 

n  n  n 

n  8 

Cheth 

Ch 

8 

D     9 

Telh 

T 

9 

pT 

♦  10 

YoAd 

Y 

10 

ijn 

Caph 

C 

20 

D  D 

T 

Chaph 

Ch 

-- 

S  12 

Lamed 

L 

30 

D   D 

D 

0  13 

Mem 

M 

40 

I 

J  14 

Noon 

N 

50 

if  r 

D  15 

Samech 

S 

60 

i;  16 

Ayin 



70 

tr  j^' 

n 

> 

Pay 

P 

80 

Phay 

Ph 

r 

y  18 

Tzade 

Tz 

90 

P  19 

Koof 

K 

100 

'-120 

Raish 

R 

200 

Sheen 

Sh 

300 

Seen 

S 

D  f^?oc» 

Tav 

T 

400 

J  n5"" 

Thav 

Th 

-- 

Rule  1.  The  Hebrew  Alphabet  contains  twenty-two  letters 
all  of  which  are  consonants,  see  column  2. 

R.  2.  The  five  letters  in  col.  1,  are  called  by  the  same  name  as 
those  opposite  in  col.  2,  with  the  addition  of  the  word  Jinal,  be- 
cause they  are  used  only  at  the  end  of  a  word,  whilst  the  others 
are  only  used  in  the  beginning  and  middle  of  a  word. 

R.  3.  In  pronouncing  the  names  of  the  letters  in  col.  3,  and 
wherever  a  Hebrew  word  is  represented  by  English  letters,  be 
careful  to  pronounce  the^  always  broad,  like  a  in  Father;  the  E 
like  the  first  e  in  Leger  ;  the  I  like  i  in  Machine ;  and  the  CH 
as  a  guttural,  and  never  like  an  H  or  K. 

R.  4.  Aleph  and  Ayin  have  no  corresponding  letter,  their  pro- 
per sound  being  now  unknown. 

N.  B.  Before  the  student  proceeds  to  the  next  chapter  he 
should  be  able  readily  to  distinguish  between  the  letters  in  col.  6. 

EXERCISE   I. 

LETTERS    ONLY. 
JVbfe.  In  this  exercise  the  student  will  simply  call  over  the  name  of  each  letter. 

d^hSn  nni  Dinn  ^^D-Sy  ^trm  inni  )nn  nnsi 
-iix^^nn  -n5<  %t  dsiSn  "i!2Nn  D^orr  ^i^Q-hv  nsnnD 
nii^n  p:n  D^'^SK  hiy)  did-o  n1^^n-n^<  D'hSn  nyi 
nS»S  Nnp  "]irnSi  dv  ni^S  D\nSj<  Kipn  ^^i^nn  [oi 

jo  hn^D  ^T1  D^orr  ^im  r^pn  ♦n^  d^hSn  idnm 

y»pnS  SrD  nir>$  D^DH  pni  or^p^nS  nnnD  "itj'f* 

£)  »ity"  DV  npr%Ti 


3 

pN  ntra^S  D^'^S^<  ^npn  p-»nn  nt^■n^'^  nt<-ini 

IDKn  aiD-»3  D»nS}<  Nnn  D»0»  Knp  D^D.I  MipoSl 

ns  p  rnr  rnro  nw  n**^*t  pxn  NC'-in  D\nSK 
Kvini  p-»nn  y^nn  hv  ^T^v^t  n:^N  irnS  ns  ntrir 
n£3  ntri^  j^ri  inroS  ynr  rnro  dot  Nt:'"!  y^nn 

f)  »jr»W'  Dv  ipD  ■♦nn 

p^  SnrinS  D^Dtr'n  r^pn^  nnxo  %n»  ama  no^n 

^n^)  pxn-Si?  n\^nS  o^Dtrn  r^pn:^  nniNoS  vm 


CHAPTER  II. 

POINTS. 


R.  5.  The  varions  characters,  besides  the  letters,  are  explained 
in  the  following  sections. 


Section  1.     Vowels. 

R.  6.  The  vowels  are  ten  in  number. 
Five  Long. 
Ka-maitz    1  like  a  in  Father. 

T 

Tzai-ray    1  ay  in  Hay. 

Chi-rick    ♦"!  i  in  Machine. 

Cho-lam  It  0  in  Lo. 

Shu-raik  11  oo  in  Boot. 


Fire  Short. 
Pa-thach    1  like  a  in  Art. 
Se -gol        "1  e  in  Leger. 

Chi-rick     "J  i  in  It. 

Kiv-bootz  T  u  in  Must. 

She-wa      1  e  in  Below. 


N.  B.  The  letter  *1  is  used  merely  to  show  the  position  of  the 
vowel. 

R.  7.  The  long  Chirick  is  generally  distinguished  from  the  short 
by  a  *  following  it,  as  *  7* 

R.  8.  The  Cholam  is  sometimes  without  a  "I,  as  N?  Lo ;  and  its 
place  is  sometimes  supplied  by  the  dot  on  the  5?^,  as  H^O  Mo-she; 
and  sometimes  by  the  dot  on  the  b^  as  KJ)C^  So-nay. 


M>'.u. 


,    R.  9.  The  ")  which  bears  the  Cholam  or  Shooraik  is  not  sounded 
as  piDfl  Te-cho-nayn,  pmOJI  Te-moo-thoon,  except  when 
?        It  has  a  vowel,  as  nlH  Ho-wa. 
1;*'  R.  10.  Shewa  ( : )  is  pronounced  in  the  following  instances  only, 

and  is  called  Shewa  Na,  i.  e.  to  move  : 

i.  In  the  beginning  of  a  word,  as  *J|3  Be-ni. 
I      ii.  In  the  middle  of  a  word  after  a  (:)  as  IID^fl  Til-me-doa. 
'      iii.  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  after  a  long  vowel,  without  the 
ionic  accent,  as  |1  Ji^  71  Oo-le-shon,  or  a  short  vowel  with  a  nietheg, 
as  '>tl''^  Wa-ye-hi. 

iv.  Under  a  letter  that  is  followed  by  the  same  letter,  as 
nnSSn  Ha-le-loo-yah. 

In  all  other  cases  the  (:)  is  not  sounded,  and  is  therefore  called 
Shewa  Nach,  i.e.  to  rest,  or  to  be  quiescent;  and  the  letter  to  which 
vt  belongs,  whether  expressed  or  understood,  is  pronounced  with 
the  preceding  vowel,  as  HDl^!!  Nish-math. 

R.  1 1.  When  the  (  )  Na  ought  to  be  under  one  of  the  gutturals, 
i.  e.  l/nHK,  a  vowel  is  added,  namel}'  (-)  (••)  or  (t),  and  is  called, 
in  general,  a  Compound  Shewa,  but  receives  its  particular  name 
from  that  vowel  with  which  it  is  compounded,  and  which  is  united 
with  the  word  fl^H  cha-taph,  (to  snatch,)  as 

Chataph  Pathach         '■  )     t:-       ,.    ,       {  ^ 

e 


Pathach         -=  )  ( 

Segol^  v:S         ^j,^^^^  j.^"/       / 

Kamaitz         t:  )  ( 


o 


R.  12.  Kamaitz  (t)  before  a  single  (:)  Shewa,  either  expressed, 
or  understood  by  double  dagesh,  or  before  compound  (: )  without 
a  metheg  or  accent  between,  is  pronounced  like  an  o,  and  is  called 
Kamaitz  Chataph,  as  lOSn  Hol-mad,  'PDH  Ko-so-mi. 

R.  13.  In  the  Hebrew  language  there  is  but  one  diphthong,  vi«. 
a(  ♦ )  without  a  vowel,  preceded  by  (■'),  (-),  (1 ),  or  (  1)  as  ^JTK 
A-do-ny,  ^HlDVi^  Atz-mo-thy,  MJI  Goy,  n'i'J  Ga-looy. 

Section  II.      Maph-pik. 

R.  14.  Maphpik  is  a  dot  in  a  H  at  the  end  of  a  word,  the  sign  of 
the  third  person  singular  feminine  of  the  possessive  pronoun,  and 
strengthens  the  sound  of  the  H. 


D 

"1 

i 

!1 

C 

D 

G 

B 

D 

1 

J 

n 

Ch 

Dh 

Gh 

V 

5 
Sectioh  III.     Dagesh. 
R.  15.  Dagesh  is  either  single,  double,  or  euphonic. 
R.  16.  The  single  Dagesh  is  only  to  be  found  in  the  letters 
n|)D  "1^5  Be-GaD  Ca-PHaTH,  and  causes  the  letter  in  which 
it  stands  to  be  pronounced  harder,  as 

With  a  Dagesh,        j     ^       p 

Without  a  Dagesh,   <    rpi       pj 

Kote.  With  respect  to  the  jl  and  T  we  have  now  no  different 
sound. 

R.  17.  This  Dagesh  is  used  only  in  the  beginning  of  a  word, 
as  *^2  be-ni,  i<*l*l  ba-ra,  and  after  a  Shewa  Nach,  as  tOflJi'D 
Mish-pat. 

R.  18.  The  double  Dagesh  may  be  found  in  any  letter,  except  the 
gutturals  and  "1 ;  and  the  letter  which  has  such  a  dagesh  is  con- 
sidered us  if  written  twice,  the  first  of  which  has  a  Shewa  Nach 
understood,  as  "1^7  lim-maid,  instead  of  "IPP?. 

JVote.  The  nature  and  design  of  the  Euphonic  Dagesh  will  b»' 
found  in  the  appendix. 

Section  IV.  Mak-kaph. 
R.  19.  Mak-kaph  is  a  small  stroke  like  a  hyphen,  between  tw( 
words,  joining  thera  together,  as  *^i3"7,17  al  pe-nay,  and  wher 
preceded  by  a  word  of  one  syllable,  it  changes  the  long  vowe 
into  its  correspondent  short  one,  as  r^lNH"?!)  Col  Ha-a-retz 
except  it  be  prevented  by  Metheg,  or  by  H  or  }>{  ending  the  word, 
as  nnD'nn  Taith  Co-chah,  -nn  Mah,  "vsS  Lo,  "N^  Tzay. 

T  I"  ">" 

Section  V.     Accents. 

R.  20.  Every  word  in  the  Bible,  except  when  followed  by  Mak 
kaph,  has  an  accent,  a  table  of  which  will  be  given  in  the  appendix, 
but  the  following  should   be  particularly  remembered,  as  they 
supply  the  English  stops. 

ii  i^'^n     Re-vi-a  ^ 

,     ,  >     Comma 

K  NHtDD     Tiph-cha  ( 


K 

T   :    1      i 

Se-gol-ta 

>     Semi  Colon 

^( 

m  npi 

Sa-kaiph  Ka-ton 

) 

mne^ 

Ath-nach 

i'      Colon 

IK 

p^p? 

Pe-sik 

C     or  Period 

^5 

pAd 

Sil-look 

Period 

Note  1.  p1D|)"iliD  Soph  pa-sook  (=)  is  placed  at  the  end  of 
every  verse  in  the  Bible. 

Note  2.  A  circle  (°)  over  a  letter,  shows  that  the  word  is  read 
otherwise  than  it  is  written,  i.  e.  according  to  the  vowels  in  the 
text  and  the  letters  in  the  margin.  The  word  in  the  text  is  called 
3^r)3  Ke-thiv,  and  that  in  the  margin  ♦*lp  Keri ;  and  an  as- 
ter" '"  (*)  refers  to  a  difference  in  the  accents  only. 

EXERCISE   II. 

LETTEBS      AND      POINTS. 

DHip  rr3""n5S  n^Sin  p^Sj?"!  :  po^^'iiN*  n^Sin 
:  ''ty^-n^  n^Sin  1:21^1  rinp  iDir'nkX  n^Sm  rpin 

mh'^n  :  nniNt  ntr'{<  nn;n  i^'^i  ni^o  .ibbti^' 

T      -:  -         T   •  -:  V  •  T    :    -      :  t    :    -     : 

~    T    T  T    T  ■•■  ,         '  T     T      :  T     T  .      '■     ' 


7 

.-:  V  •  .1-:    •     :  t)  ■  :    ■  v 

nnNi  :  Sn:^  ni^:i  nrS  vnt<-nKi  inoD»T)j<  n^Sin 

-    -   :  V  T  T  ■•    :  TV  •.•    :  t  :  t  :  v  • 

•■•:-:  •••:-.  v  •  t  :  t  :  v   t  t 

■■n{<  T^Sin  D»p^|:'{<)  D»)T^;^-nj<  n»Sin  n1no^?l 
"ni^  "i^Sin  pnv)  pny-'^*'?  "^^^'i'^  ^''^l^l   ♦  '^''^V 

JVo^e. — In  this  exercise  the  student  Is  simply  to  call  over  the 
names  of  the  letters  and  the  vowels,  as  Samech,  Tzayray,  Phay, 
Segol,  Raish,  Stc.  &ic.  and  not  to  attempt  spelling  till  he  has 
learned  the  rules  in  chapter  3.  This  observation  is  applicable  to 
the  next  exercise  also.     Let  your  motto  be,  slow  and  sure. 


EXERCISE   III. 

LETTERS,    POINTS,    AND    ACCENTS. 

T'^in  ^i.tSni    :  ■^1n*S^^-n^t  n^Sin  doni  Do^{ 

<•     v.-v  I  ■    :■:  V  J-  \-   T   :  At 

)■  UT   -  I  AT  -  V  I'  T  ;t  :     V  :         t  t    :    v 

-nr  inoi  ninn  nb^r  t  nrnn^  in-ii;  Dn'i:}ND 

-  •      T    •  T     JT  TJT       :    -  ■     T  '^  T     JT;       -     " 

^-  V  -JT  T  I   I-  f>  T     JT  T     IT       :  -  V    T  T 

(  T     JT  T    IT       :    -  -       ;•        T      - 

i»N^  DnD  nv'nn  nbn  nn\i  n^i^'^rr  ri^'*  mSi 

jt:.  :•  :  jtit-'t-^-  ••  —  •: 

m^f2  n-irr  hkvd^  ri^^<n»  onbDi  fiDvS  ntjnj^o 

TV  T /JT  I    :      I         •  "  .JT  t  t         •  I  ••    <  ;  vfi    - 

;     T   :  V  T  -  T   :  /-       J  v  ;  v       <-         ^         T-iiTi 


DiSrr:}  rhn  nxn:i  nin^  riisSo  n^n  n^^<-^r 

—    J    —  -  T    ••  JT     ;  •  T      ;  |j-   :    -  j-   •  ^ 

^^p'i^  d;,1P  rinfp.p  nth  S^^  "^n't?  ^IP"^*  "*'°^*^ 
mSn  :  Nin  t^^ibn  rino  na  nnh  ntj'K  n&<  o 


V 


— @QJ^— 

CHAPTER    III. 

READING. 


R.  21.  Hebrew  is  read  from  the  right  to  the  left  hand,  as  K13: 
ba-ra. 

R.  22.  Syllables  are  composed  of  consonants  and  vowels,  and 
are  either  pure  or  mixed. 

i.  A  pure  syllable  consists  of  a  consonant  and  vowel,  as  7  La. 

ii.  A  mixed  syllable  has  two  or  three  consonants  and  one 
vowel  only,  as  1^  mad,  JllD  madt. 

R.  23.  Every  syllable  begins  with  a  consonant,  as  ^  7p  me-lech, 
except  )  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  as  ^^11  00-re-voo,  and 
pathach  at  the  end  of  a  word  under  tl  or  H,  as  H)^  Roo-ach, 
ti^H  E-lo-ah. 

R.  24.  Every  letter  requires  a  vowel,  except  at  the  end  of  the 
word,  where  a  Shewa  Nach  is  understood,  as  "ID  7  La-mad,  in- 
stead of  -IdS. 

:  -    T 

Exception. — The  letters  Ehevi,  i.  e.  ♦1j^^$  are  sometimes  without 

a  vowel,  and  are  silent,  and  therefore  called  quiescents ;  as  the  K 

in  N*13  Ba-ra,  DNVO  Ma-tza-tha;  the  tl  in  Ht^'l  Ra-a  5  and 

the  1  when  bearing  the  Cholom  or  Shuraick,  as  10^  She-mo,. 

Vn  Ha-yoo,  and  the   ♦  in  O  ki-      1  Wav  without  a  vowel  is 

pronounced  like  v.  . 

R.  25.  A  long  vowel  may  end  the  syllable,  as  7  La ;  but  at  the 

end  of  a  word  or  sentence  it  takes  also  the  succeeding  consonant,. 

as'^jl  Gair,  or  ^ti^'>  Ya-shav,  and  If^V  A-mad,  in  Ps.  i.  1.  in 

•TT  TT 

which  it  becomes  a  short  vowel. 

R.26.  A  short  vowel  requires  a  consonant  besides  its  own,  as  *)D 
Sar,  except  when  accented,  or  followed  by  Metheg,  as  OHpi}! 
Pe-ka-da-ni,  'IJS^Nl  Wa-a-sher,  or  by  Shewa  single  or  com* 
Dound. 


EXERCISE  IV. 

Pure  or  One  Syllable. — ^Rule  22,  i. 


N  a 

N  ay 

*K  i* 

IN  0 

IN  oo 

3  ba 

^  bay 

O  bi 

1:J  bo 

^2  boo 

T 

2  va 

5  vay  , 

O  vi 

in  vo 

O  voo 

i  ga 

jj  gay 

^A  gi 

1J  go 

)3l  goo 

*1  da 

1  day 

n  di 

in  do 

17  doo 

n  ha 

n  hay 

^n  hi 

in  ho 

in  hoo 

1  wa 

1  way 

n  wi 

11  wo 

n  woo 

t  za 

r  zay 

n  zi 

ir  zo 

It  zoo 

n  cha 

n  chay 

♦17  chi 

in  cho 

in  choo 

^  ta 

CD  tay 

♦p  ti 

ItO  to 

ID  too 

I  ya 

\  yay 

M     yi 

V  yo 

V  yoo 

i  ka 

3  kay 

♦2  ki 

13  ko 

13  koo 

r\  5  cha 

p  chay 

♦D  chi 

ID  cho 

13  choo 

7  lay 

♦S    li 

lS  lo 

iS  loo 

a  ma 

T 

0  may 

♦P  mi 

ID   mo 

ID  moo 

r  J  na 

tI     t 

A  "«y 

»J  ni 

U  no 

1J    1100 

D  sa 

D  say 

♦D  si 

ID  so 

ID  soo 

y  a 

i^  ay 

7  i 

1;?  0 

ir  oo 

5  pa 

^  pay 

♦3  pi 

ID  po 

liD  poo 

5  pha 

Q  phay 

♦D  phi 

ItD  pho 

15  phoo 

i»'  tza 

T 

V  ^^ay 

♦V  tzi 

1y  tzo 

IV  tzoo 

J^ote.  In  this  and  the  following  Spelling  exercises,  let  the 
student  cover  over  the  English  and  write  down  the  pronunciation, 
and  then  compare  it  with  the  printed,  and  wherever  he  finds  a 
difference  he  must  examine  into  the  cause,  by  referring  to  the  pre- 
ceding rules.  A  patient  perseverance  through  these  exercises 
will  make  the  student  perfect  in  reading  Hebrew,  which  is  the 
only  difficult  part  of  the  language.  His  future  exercises  will  be 
easy  and  pleasant. 


'*  Remember  the  i  is  to  be  pronounced  like  double  ee  in  Bee  and  not  like  t  in  Like 

2 


10 

EXERCISE   V. 

A  mixed  Syllable. — Rule  22,  ii,  and  Rule  25. 


f}N  aph 
15  bad 
nS  vad 

hy  gal 

D1  dam 
•)(!  har 
*)^  wav 
"^l  zar 
ih  chag 
7  to  tal 
1^  yad 
{13  kaph 
*15  char 
hS    lach 
*)p  mar 
J^"j  nash 
fjD  saph 

Si;  al 

nS  pach 

hh  phal 

f]^^  tzaph 

1p  kan 

^i*l  rav 

S^"  shal 

1^  sar 

on  tam 

Df)  tham 


Sn  el 

DN  im 

DN  uv 

r)12  badt 

I?  ben 

nbin 
S?  vil 

[i  bun 

ni^  bart 

|i  ven 

D5  vum 

riuJ'^  gasht 

tJ'Jl  gesh 

-I^  gid 

^^  guj^ 

nSl  dalt 

S"|.  del 

rii  div 

fl  dun 

npl  dakt 

on  hem 

jn  hin 

Sri'  hul 

nSn"  bait 

Tl  wer 

P  win 

tJ^i   wush 

h?7  zazt 

Dt  zem 

tl?  ziph 

D.f  zum 

ni?  zart 

□  n  chem 

Dfl  chit 

illl  chuph 

hjr?  chant 

f?P  ten 

Qjp  tim 

Db  turn 

nin  chart 
nS^  talt 

t^>  yesh 

W  yim 

1^  yud 

15  ker 

tJ^3  kish 

Di  kuv 

n*?.^.  yaivch 

D5  chem 

*13   chir 

75    chun 
iS    lud 

IT  yaird 

nS    led 

fS    lin 

ilt^*  yaisht 

?D  men 

IP  min 

nb  muth 

rioS  laicht 

1J  ner 

"1^  nid 

Jli  nug 

nip  mairt 

ID  sed 

ID  sir 

lb  such 

11^  naird. 

n^  er 

r:!;  iz 

S5  pil 

f  J^  ulz 

niD  sart 

jb  pen 
Si?  phel 
Sv  tzel 

D5  pus 

nir   art 

15  phir 

ID  phur 

rips  phakt 

f^  tzin 

f^  tzun 

ni^  tzart 

^j^  kev 

Dp  kiv 

Dp   kum 

6l^p  kosht 

D"!  rem 

;il  rig 

f'l  rutz 

nil  rart. 

ntr'  sher 

ItJ^'  shir 

3t^'  shuv 

D^  sev 

Dti^  sim 

D^  sum 

jn  ten 

in  tir 

1^  tud 

on  them 

^n  thiph 

t^ti  thnph 

II 


EXERCISE  VI, 

Words  of  Two  Syllables, 


1   The  first  syllable  pure,  the  other 
mixed. 

2.  Both  mixed. 

*1DN  A- mar 

-     T 

2m  Ek-kov  (R.  18.) 

*in3  Ba-char 

nlD^3  Bil-mod 

hli  Ga-dal 

-  T 

t^ll  Da-rash 

"     T 

nnn  Ha-dar 

~     T 

^ni  Wa-hav 

-    T 

D^t  Za-vath 

-  T 

pSn  Cha-lak 

n^D  Ta-rach 

nT  Ya-dad 
nni  Ka-vad 

-  T 

*1Q7  La-mad 

-  T 

DIG  Ma-wath 

-  T 

tlfy^  Na-gash 
^^p  Sa-gar 
ni);  A-vod 

T 

^Jn3  Pa-thar 

Observation.  As  all  grammarians  agree  in  the  following  rules  r 
1.  That  a  Begad  Caphath  letter,  without  the  Single  Dagesh,  is 
pronounced  soft ;  (R.  16.)  2.  That  it  has  this  Dagesh  only  in  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  and  in  the  middle  after  a  (: )  Nach;  (R.  17.) 
3.  That  the  Double  Dagesh  doubles  tlie  letter,  the  first  of  which 
has  a  ( :)  Nach  understood;  (R.  18.)  does  it  not  hence  follow,  that 
when  a  Double  Dagesh  is  in  a  Begad  Caphath  letter,  the  first 
must  be  pronounced  soft,  and  the  second  hard,  as  D^p  Kiv-both, 
as  if  written  Jn 35 p'  ^^ly,  then,  do  grammarians  not  stick  to> 
their  rules,  if  they  expect  their  pupils  ta  do  so  t 


i'\'>^p}  Goph-rith  (R.  12.) 
ninS"l  Dal-thoth 

nin  Hav-woth  (R.  18.) 
Vt^T))  Oo-the-sha 
D*1Dt  Zich-ram 

T  :    * 

nnn  Chad-ray 

riNOtO  Tum-ah 

i^^fl^  Yiph-sha 

nlD^D  Kan-photh 

n^S  Lom-mah  (R.  12.) 

yii^*pf2  Mak-shiv 

n^DO  Nish-matb 

Dr)")D  Sar-tem 

r)yV  Ez-rath 
Poth-hen 


12 
EXERCISE  VII. 

Words  of  Three  Syllables. 


^niOi<  A-mar-ti 

rilDl?  Lo-rae-deth 

DlT^D^J  Av-ra-ham 

T     T  ;    ~ 

D*"11D7  Le-moo-dim 

DJIDD^  Bith-voo-nam 

T          :     • 

♦rilSlD  Mo-lad-ti 

DlinjJS  Big-day-hem 

n^7p  Me-lam-mayd 

niSriJ   Go-za-loth 

T 

n"TN:  Ne-e-dar 

Tv;  iv 

n)^y   Ga-a-wah  (R.  26.) 

n'lp'?^  Nil-rae-deth 

VnhSl  Dal-tho-thav 

T 

n^DDD  Se-ma-mith 

•    T    : 

nnlm  De-vo-rah 

T           : 

n^Jiyp  Si-no-nith 

T];SNirirT  Hith-av-baych 

nin^nj;  A-thi-doth 

h^Hiiri   Hith-av-bayl 

ir^DDr  Ach-ka-vish 

lON^t  Wy*-yo-mer 

D^C^'ir"lfl  Par-o-shira 

N"lpn  Wy-yik-ra 

*^Vp5  Pis-yo-nay 

DD^n^t  Ziv-chay-chem 

»;i1i;|)V  Tziph-o-ni 

»Srilr   Zo-cha-lay 

DnDV  Tziph-pa-rira 

D'^g^n  Cash-ma-lim 

D^iTlp^  Ko-da-shim 

7D^n  Cha-na-mal 

T  T  -: 

D^P^np  Ke-do-shim 

n^3^  Tav-ba-ath 

D'D^::^  Re-vi-vim 

D'Snp  Te-voo-lim 

D^P^pn  Re-si-sim 

SNnb'^  Yis-ra-ayl 

D^^S*^^'  Shin-an-nim 

DIXn*  Yith-ad-dam 

T  -    :    • 

D^iDlb^  Se-ra-phim 

h^^^  Ka-a-vel 

noSri  Til-me-di 

DOI^ID  Ke-roo-vim 

rrnioSn  Til-mo-de-nak 

•  Althongh  the  »  expressed  by  the  Dagesh  hath  a  (: )  understoo»jl>.  yet  as  it  is  not 
pronounced;  it  comes  under  R.  13. 


13 
EXERCISE  VII. 

Words  of  Four  and  Five  Syllables. 


n^JVDK  Ev-yo-ne-ha 
1innripj<  Em-te-cho-thay-noo 

IpDJ^n^  Be-hay-ov-ko 
05^1^103  Be-mo-a-day-chem 
DriS:iS:i  Gul-ge-lo-tham 
Tl'nvn^  Ge-di-yo-tha-yich 
*^D*D1  De-chi-tha-ni 
D5*n1"n  Do-ro-thay-chem 
riDlNn  Ha-a-da-mah 

T       T  -:    IT 

n^^Nintf  *n  Hy-yis-re-ay-lith 
?ltDJl!3N1  We-av-nay-te-cha 
1D!Il^J^^')  Wy-yith-av-be-choo 
DD^n^t  Ziv-chay-chem 
'liWl^t  Ze-nach-ta-noo 
jTi"lfl*)t3n  Cha-phar-phay-roth 
?iriDpn   Choch-ma-the-cha 
Dnii^3p  Tav-be-0-tham 
Dn^'^"il^?t3  Tav-be-o-thay-hem 
lOn^?!.  Ya-a-di-moo 
nnnSv  Yo-lad-te-cha 
*ipiyS*l"lD  Ke-dor-la-o-mer 
ih^DS  Ke-chal-lo-tho 
m^lH/  Le-bo-va-dah 


14 

lyjhl^N?   La-a-vo-ihay-noo 
D^pl^Np  Ma-a-voo-sim 
n»D!}ND  Ma-a-vu-se-ha 

T      V  i\    -:  I- 

niNj   Ne-e-da-ri 

•     T   '.MV 

1V^^1151^^   Ne-voo -chad-re-tzar 
*^1DDD   Se-va-voo-ni 
n^nia^DD   Se-vi-vo-the-ha 

TV  ■    : 

DyhVV  O-lo-ihay-chem 

DJhl^pSpI^  A-kal-kal-lo-tham 

?]*nnfl  Pe-di-thi-cha 

Dil^P^SlD  Pe-li-tay-hem 

Jli^n'pnV  Tzid-ko-thay-noo 

D^»K5f^*5f  Tze-e-tz-c  ay-hem 

V      ••    ^   v;  IV  ** 

^J^'lp  Kor-ba-ne-cha 
Dn^^^'^ir  Kor-ba-nay-hem 
D'^fl-1*!  Riv-bo-tha-yim 
^13*1*^  Re-da-phoo-cha 
VriWtr'  Sha-a-shoo-av 

T  -:  I- 

^n^^fC'■  She-ay-rl-the-cha 
n^Up'iri  Tar-ne-go-leth 
D5*J11J7J1  Te-lu-no-thay-chem. 


15 
EXERCISE  IX. 

READING.— LESSON  I. 


ha-a-retz  we-aith  hash-sha-ma-yim  ayth  E-lo-him :   ba-ra  Be-ray-shith 


pe-nay   al  we-cho-shech   wa-vo-hooj   tho-hoo  ha-ye-tha  we-ha-a-retz, 

J"  :  *  I  V     I   :  T  jT  :  IT  |      v  t   t    : 

hatn-ma-yirc.  pe-nay  al  me-ra-che-pheth  E-lo-him ;  we-roo-ach  the-hom ; 

•IT    -  J--  :  -  V  v.-    -  ;  •        v:  -       j  :  rt    = 

E-lo-him    wy-yar    or.     wa-ye-hi    or:    ye-hi     E-lo-him     wy-yo-mer 

oniS^  NT1  n^^^  -^nn  -)•i^^  ^T   D^'^■S^e    "iDi^n 

•;■       v:  :s —  i  ■  :i-  rt  J-  :  i-        v;  v        j- 

00-vayn    ha-or     bayn    E-lo-him ;    wy-yav-dayl  tov :  ki     ha-or     eth 

I    V  V     T        I    1-  ■         ■::  J-  :  -  -  ^  ^      f 

ka-ra    we-la-ch^-shech  yom ;    la-or    E-lo-him  wy-yik-ra  ha-cho-shech. 

\^^p    ritrnS    tuv  HinS  iD^ri^K  NiSpn   M\^r^n 

t)jt  |v    1.     -   :  T  <•        v:  t|:      -  |  v  i- 

wy-yo-mer    e-chad.    yom    vo-ker    wa-ye-hi     e-rev    wa-ye-hi    ly-lah : 

n!DN*n  nn^^  dv  -)pii    -^nn    n-^r   "^nn    nS^S 

J-  IT  V  I  Jvi  -.1-  :>:•  ■  :\-  t  :  ^t 

bayn   mav-dil ;   wi-hi  ham-ma-yira :  be-thoch   ra-ki-a    ye-hi    E-lo-hira 

pn  S^'iDO  ^m     D^^^n      rjin?  j;^[pn  ♦n;  u^rh^ 

wy-yav-dayl,  ha-ra-ki-a;  eth    E-lo-him    wy-ya-as    la-ma-yim.  ma-yira 

Sinn      i^^pnn  TIN*  D^iiSi^    trri    :  d^oS    d»d 

••:  --  ^     r     tit  •         v:  -j —  •  it  t  •  i- 

hara-ma-yim ;  oo-vam  la-ra-ki-a ;  mith-ta-chalh  a-sher  ham-ma-yim  bayn 

•  -    -  I  J--  -    I  •     tit  -  J-    •  V    -:  .  -     -  I    .... 

E-Io-him     wy-yik-ra      chain,     wa-ye-hi      la-ra-ki-a :     may-al     a-sher 

d^hSk    N"ipn     :  p     -^nn     rpnS     Sx^d  "1i^^■^^ 

7-       v:  st|:  •-  li-  •   -i-  -     I^tit  >- ••  i,v    -: 

yom      vo-ker      wa-ye-hi      e-rev      wa-ye-hi      sha-ma-yim :     la-ra-ki-a 

Di»    nph     "Mn     :inv    -»nn      o^otr"     vp^h 


AT   T 


16 

Mith-ta-chath   ham-ma-yim   yik-ka-woo   £>lo-him,  wy-yo-mer  shay-ni 

-  <-   •  -   -  |,  ■  •        v:  V       J  -  1-  •• 

hy-yav-ba-shah :  we-thay-ra-eh  e-chadj  raa-kom     el    hash-sha-ma-yiin 

^T  T VV      T  !••    :  T    V  I J    T  V  ■  -     T       - 

e-retz;      ly-yav-ba-shah     E-lo-hira    wy-yik-ra       chayn.       wa-ye-hi 
ki     E-lo-him  wy-yar   yam-mim:    ka-ra  ham-raa-yim  oo-le-mik-waih 

"O  D^iSK  j<nn    d»d»     N*ip    o^sn       npoSi 

l-         v:  :j—  ft-  jtJt  •  i.-    -  ;|:    •     : 

ay-sev    de-she  j    ha-a-retz     tad-shay     E-lo-him,    wy-yo-mer    tov. 

3b'i;  m^i    pNH    Ntrnn    d^hSn    noN'n  :ait3 

...    ..<  ...     ...  I     •.•  T   T  <■•      :  I-  •         ..•:  ...       J-  I 

vo    zar-o    a-sher   le-mi-no;    pe-ri    o-se    pe-ri  a3^z  ze-ra;  maz-ri-a 

in  "ir^^r  'y^i^  iroS   ns  nt^'r  ns  rr  rnf   rnrn 

V  :  •  ;v     ";  •     :  *  :  v     <  •  ;       f   j-*  -v  "      j'  ;  ~ 

ay-sev    de-she  ha-a-retz  wath-to-tzay  chain,    wa-ye-hi   ha-a-retz :    al 

:i'm  N*P'''i  pNH    Kinni    :  fp    ■♦nn   p.^n  -^i? 

zar-o     a-sher    pe-ri    o-seh    we-aytz    le-mi-nay-hoo ;    ze-i*a   maz-ri-a 

:-  ;v    -:        j-  :  v     i         I    S"  :  ■■     •     :  -.•-<•;- 

e-rev     wa-ye-hi    tov.       ki    E-lo-him    wy-yar     k-rai-nay-hoo :     vo 


ye-hi      E-lo-him;      wy-yo-mer      she-li-shi.      yom     vo-ker     wa-ye-hi 

<•  :  •        v:  V       J-  i-       •    :  j  ]:•  <•  •  :i- 

oo-vain    hy-yora   bayn   le-bav-dil  hash-sha-ma-yim ;  bir-ki-a  rae-o-roth 

pji    D\\*i    pn  SnpnS    D^p^i'n     l^'f^."!?  hnKvp 

we-sha-nim.  oo-le-ya-mim  oo-Ie-mo-a-dim;  le-o-thoth  we-ha-yoo  hal-ly-lah : 

it:  I-  t:  ■=:     j     :  :  <  t  :  t  i^t  - 

al       le-ha-ir       hash-sha-ma-yira ;       bir-ki-a       lim-o-roth      we-ha-yoo 

-  I-    T    ;  •  -   T     -  "^     I  J-   :  ■  ;     •  <  t   : 

chain     wa-ye-hi     ha-a-retz 

:  p    -^nn     p^rr 


17 
READING.— LESSON  II. 


J- :        1  •     :    -     ;    I  ViT  t  i:         ^-    :  ■      \j  -jt  t  i-  j-^.i-  ;     • 

Dtr  nuS  n^irNn!!  ^m'ly  Dn\;D  nin»  *Jii^{  no^< 

^T  JT  1,T  !■  T  J-     -  -|T  ••;-:•  ■         V:      JT  "I  -      T 

"»r  H-^n^-DNJ  n5"*7"no  nnri  :  ^r)W  dc^^s  "iik^'ni 

r         ,T       :  ■•.  ;  •  -  <t    -   :  I,    t     -:  •.-  j.-   :  ^      -   - 

"Sj  TJ2n)  nin^"DN*j  iT'^^rr^  i°Str'a  0:1(1  ^air  npS 

T  r    T    :  T       :  -.  :  •       ••  :       <t    ;      i  ^t  •         >.•    -  |>--._ 

J-        I  ••  T         rt-    :  t.-    -  ;-••     l;-T  I     IT  r     :  V- 

^  .  ,.. .     ,..-,._  . .,  , 

-    J-     :      -  V  ;•■     -    :  •;    T         -    s-     :     -  •■     -    :       ;j  ••  :     -  •  t    ■.• 

':'1|7  iN*f  J  tj^DV  Sip  :^^'7^^;  ^,^9  f^vS  np^?  njjic^'t 

<     :    •  I     I  •  IT       :  ;      :  :  ■        I  •  -    :        I  •  <-       j-  rt    ■    ":         jt  ;    - 

Sn"i  lai;  nin^  Dnro  oSti^n^  niDnrr  nm  ijii^ 

(.-  T  ^  T      :  <-  r  ■  AT   -r  i  :  i.     :  t  t  :   -  :     - 

D»i;in"S3  0T7  l::np  ri"irri{<  nin»  fitrn  :  oStj^n* 

rt-         -  t       (.••••   :  :|t      -       j;  v  r      :         l<-    t  it  t         ,; 

™"  I"        v:  ;-  :  i,"       |      vt         ■•   :    -  t  t: 

1N*^  ir^irrS^  NDJo  od'o  iK^f  nib  mo 

J    :  AT  •  -  i."  t  t     •  j     :      ^  < 

iN*kn  rir^nn  ^vS  o   :  nin^  ^^d  \v&!M  niin  ni3iJno 

■•••It-:  <  J-  IT       :         ;■•  ;  j,'   :      i  t    •  t 

DDf)DN*Qi  nin>  b^'JifiS  riSh-o  roSn  nS  rrDijD:3i 

I-.-  :     •    -     :  T      :  ■.•••:•  |<-  r        I     a     •  i-  -J  it  :     • 

on^  nnr  Sotr»  n:in  :SN"ii:^»  ^iS^e 

IT         rt-  :    -  .'^'    ■     "         •'"    "  !••     T :     •         J-        VJ 

nntr'D-p  D»D"i  tSi^  idok^"  ^l^\n{d  :ino  nn:ii  ^^ti^J1 

;-   :      •        I  •■  ■     -       I    V  T  <     :   IT  :■     —.  t-  I      :  i.-  t  :  •^t    ■  : 

vSr  D^ii'n  Dn:i  nr  p  :di«  ^^3^  nvvm  inxno  ty>NO 

^T  T  ■     -        J-  v-    l<-  ITT       /•  :     •  (,-:    I    :  rt"      :  "  V    " 

ntJ'Ni  ixn  bnS  nsD"N7  ^b'ii  o  D.Tfl  aoSo  iviDp* 

/.•    -.»  T         V   T  <-  ■.  I  V     -i         •  rtV     •  V    T  :         J    :  ti    ' 


18 
LESSON  II.    (Continued.) 


vr      :      -  i:             rt"   t  r-.   :  •      I     i-    ■■-.w  r  it           :     •         T    :   it  i 

T-        I     vjv  ••               V        -:  tt;        I"  -  ^--                  tit:'         y  '^- 

I"  :     •  ■•'  :            1.V      ;  -  i    :  j-     :  ■  :          ^t  t             j    :         i            -    i  \ 

<••:-:              •  rt         -      J     ■  V  ;     -  ;                          •             j-  -:i-  v  :    • 

Nti'i  Nin  \y^n  r2^  nn^ntrn  nSi  nn^  i^^do  b^^iD 

T  T  J  ••  t  t;       I  <••  T  I  •.  ;    -    -;  >    :        \.;  :     ■  ■;     ■  •    t 

£D»nSN*  HDD  rij:  ininc^n  i:injNn  dSdd  'irnNODi 

(.-         v:  ;■•   •.         -     •;  T  •-.    :    -      -:  :j-  -:i-  rt^    t    ;  i,-         ;     - 

<-  rt-  -:■•  VT     ••.  :  ••   T     :     •  j-  _     :  iv    ■..    : 

irrn  rxvD  b7D   :  ijS-n*£)-):i  in-iDnni  v'^j;  bbi'^t:'* 

•     T       I        J    -  T    ••.  IT  T     :  •  I     T|..    -:i-  T  "V  : 

b^b  n:i':'3  fir  nj<  13  x^^Ji^n  ninn  i:ni3  onnS  tr>^« 

I  T    •..      I  ; -:  (,••  -    J-    :     •  T        I-  rt'  T  '.       :    -  :  j- 

f  ••     T  :  T  -    J-.-  T  V    -  •  -    :    ■  J    :  v  -:  -  j    : 

.        T   :       •     •  V   <    ■  r  V-    :    •  J    :  t^  t    ;|  v       t  i/ :    i        )■■  ; 

rtT        :  (.-     T  V    :  ;    )•  ■     t      :  v      I  <••    -  it  -/.-       ^-     - 

iNDi  rfln  ninn  :v3n  non^  n'Si  ntrr  D/tDn-j^?  Sr 

j|  :      -      I  <•■    t  t         1-  r     :  ^t     :  •  ^     :  r     t  jt   t  i  -< 

C3^Q»  t^n^<»  vi?  riisn^  lire:)  dc^n*  d^dti-dn  ♦^^nrr 
5?:3b^»  nj<-)»  itrsj  Sdi^d  :n7V^  n*!j  nin^  r^sni 

•^  T   :     •  jv      :  •  :    -  <--:!••  it   :   •  j  r  :  ^t      :       )     ..  j..    '. 

'ih^o'  Nin  Dniun  d'S"iS  nni;  p^^;  pnv»  irir"i:i 
nnh  '^Str"  pSm  □♦oivrTiNM  D^innn  iS-p'^HN  pS 

I         -    -  T    T         I    J--   -   :  -:  'y        ■>       (      V    -   -:      I  ••   T 

-     r  :  -  V-    ;      I    -    :  t     r  j-      -  :     .. 

r^3  nSn-N*S  'Snvi  nn  '^nvs  niS»  n*S  nnp:^  ^jn 

jj      I-  T    T  1  •    -:  I-  :  <T     •  tatt  j  itIt^:       ,■    y 

•  J-       :  -  it       :  )-    -r  '.t  :         ;•  :     •  vt    ••       i        i ■■  :  j-     - 

•  ft     !    -  -         '(.  -         I;-  •?       •  !•  (••  t:it  )j   : 


19 
LESSON  II.    (Continued.) 

SiKon  piD»-o   :»prn  n'^inn   ri''^^'^  bnj^n 

o  n^snn  ivro  ♦o^dd-^ki  ^:riDn  nj7-o  »nt]i 
"HDm  N^  n^'^i^Q^^*  ns-im  ^nijtrn  V^^^i^  ^t:^'^ 

J  I:         I  •■   -:  I    :         rt    =  ^    t    :  ;t      :       |  •  -  |  •  -  -:  i         <•  i 

■jr        -:  ST     ■     :         r  i'It-       |      vit  t  t  /•        v:  ••     t  :     • 

^-   t  (.••  t      •         r  -J-  ■■  ■■■     i-  •■         rtT       :        l-rr    t|:       -         v  -       j    -:|- 

-  /•         ■  it      :         |v  -:  I  ;-  t  I    rt-     :     -    f 

»;••      I     v/iT  t  -  k        -  -J        ••  >    -:i"  •  ^;     -    :    •         jv    -:  j 

<•  :  T  I  (J-    •    !■•  •  :    -    :  t    rtv  :  T    t  :   -    : 

^'^?i?  ^^3?  f'S*np  »6jj>^  ™n  ngn;)  n^  'n;^:i;p 
♦ni^S  ^\45"S5i  tj^^n-^^^^S  r]SnrS?i  n;jpj;?  y^jsiS 

•      I      V  •■        |<- -:  I-     -AT  •  liT  T  :     •  li-T  )     :  i,- :  t       : 

VT  ;       I  J-  I   IT  ••  i-J:     •  I        r  t    •    :     •  ■    t     •  j 

♦nt^'in  bii<  ?rr  :Slfl»  T]'^^  1^^^*  ^^'^^  ^^"i^^^  Di3J< 

JT  T  -it  !<••  I     •  l-J-f  •'■■^      ■.  -IT  •  rt'  I-  V  1.V 

•J-       IT  :  A-    -:  I-   !  K-     :  )■  r  :■  j-  :        -    ••  t  r 

T    :  •  J  I  •  -  T  <-  •    :  T  I   ••    -    :  (.•     :      -  ■        ir  y 

-     -:|-  ^      f\-  ■     ~  <.T    !         ■      -  hT        ■  I       IT  I       ,(       T  T     : 

IT     I  ■.,  ;  V    •   I"  vtJt    :  •   :         jt      :         "  s   - 


CHAPTER  IV.     The  Article. 

R.  27.  The  Hebrews  have  but  one  article,  expressed  by  t^Hay, 
with  a  (-)  Pathach  prefixed  to  the  Noun  and  a  Dagesh  in  the 
succeeding  letter,  as  W_t2l^*il  the  Heavens. 

CHAPTER  V.     JVouns. 

R.  28.  Nouns  are  either  Masculine,  Feminine,  or  Common. 

i.  Masculine  are  generally  those  words  that  consist  of  the 
radical  letters  only,  as  1^1  a  word. 

ii.  Feminine  are  those  that  end  in  }1  or  ri,  as  jlDIK  Earth  j 
^7"T  a  Door. 

iii.  Common  are  names  of  beasts,  as  ^p^  cattle,  he.  also  the 
numerals  20  0''^p^,  &c. 

R.  29.  The  feminine  noun  is  formed  by  adding  H  and  a  pre- 
ceding (t)  to  the  masculine,  as  HD/P  a  Queen,  from  Tlyp  a 
King.  But  if  the  last  letter  be  H,  the  points  only  are  changed, 
as  masc.  n£3\  fem.  JlDN  and  when  the  masc.  ends  in  ♦,  a  D  is 

V  T  T  T 

generally   added,    as    HVP    an  Egyptian  man,    JinVP   an 
Egyptian  woman. 

R.  30.  Nouns  have  three  numbers  : 

i.  Singular,  speaking  of  one  thing  only. 

ii.  Dual,  speaking  of  two  things,  and  is  used  particularly  in 
reference  to  those  things  which  are  two  by  nature,  or  by  art,  as 
hands,  ears,  eyes,  &ic.^  pair  of  scales,  mill  stones,  &,c. 

iii.  Plural,  speaking  of  two  or  more  things. 

R.  31.  The  masculine  forms  its  dual  by  adding  to  the  singular 
the  termination  D*,  and  a  (-)  under  the  preceding  letter,  as  I* 
a  hand,  dual  has  Q^l^  two  hands:  and  its  plural  by  adding  D 
and  *  and  a  (• )  under  the  preceding  letter,  as  *1^1  a  word, 
plural  has  0**1^*1  words. 

R.  32.  The  feminine  forms  its  dual  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
masculine,  but  changes  likewise  the  H  into  n,  as  HDb''  a  lip, 
dual  D^nflb'  lips  5  and  its  plural  is  formed  thus  ; 

If  the  singular  ends  in  H  that  letter  is  changed  into  JTi,  as 
n*1i?^  a  damsel,  plural  ill*li^l     If  in  H*  with  a  ( • )  preceding, 


the  ♦  receives  a  1  as  nnVOj  plural  MinVP'  1^^^^  termination 
be  t))  the  1  is  changed  into  a  1  with  a  dageshed  ^  preceding  it, 
and  a  (.)  under  the  preceding  letter,  as  nO/Ojplural  HVdSd. 
33.  The  cases  in  Hebrew  Nouns  are  not  distinguished  by  ter- 
minations as  in  other  languages,  but  by  particles  prefixed  to  the 
noun,  and  which  are  the  same  in  the  different  numbers  and 
genders,  as 

Nom.   ^70  a  king 

Gen.     rf7D'h^  *    of  a  king 

to  a  king 

a  king 

o  king 

from  a  king 
in  a  king 

JYote.  Though  this  example  is  given  to  point  out  the  cases 
commonly  signified  by  the  prefixes,  yet  it  is  necessary  to  observe 
that  the  7,  T)^,  D,  and  ^  are  sometimes  used  to  point  out  all 
the  cases  except  the  voc.  and  H  is  used  to  point  out  the  gen.  and 
ace.     The  connection  will  best  determine  the  cases  of  nouns. 

R.  34.  When  two  nouns  are  related  to  each  other  so  as  to 
require  the  preposition  of  between  them,  the  former  is  governed 
and  undergoes  a  change,  and  is  said  to  be  in  regimen,  or 
contracted. 

i.  The  masc.  sing,  shortens  the  vowels,  as  Tl'l'l^  the  Son  of 
David,  instead  of  |!3;  or  D'rl7N  ^l^"!  the  word  of  God,  in- 
stead of  ll^*! ;  and  the  plural  drops  its  Q  and  changes  the  pre- 
ceding (•)  into  a  (••),  as  D%'i7K  Hll  the  words  of  God, 
instead  of  DH^I. 

•  T     : 

ii.  The  fem.  sing,  changes  the  M  into  Jl  and  the  preceding  (t) 
into  (-),  as  D%iSN*  n^in  the  law  of  God,  instead  of  rTllH 


*  This  Prefix  is  used  oalj  a  few  times  in  Scripture,  but  frequently  in  Rabbinical 
writings.  ^ 


22 

a  law;  and  the  plural  shortens  its  first  vowels,  as  ^*5^  niD*l!J 
the  blessings  of  thy  father ;  instead  of  DlDI^  blessings. 

iii.  The  dual  of  both  genders  is  contracted  by  dropping  its 
final  D  together  with  the  preceding  (  ),  and  changing  the  pre- 
ceding (-)  into  (••),  as  D^li'JK   v-^*^  *^^  ^^^*  ^^  ™®"'  instead  of 


CHAPTER  VL— Adjectives. 

R.  35.  An  Adjective  must  agree  with  its  Substantive  in  Gender 
and  Number,  as  ^1  JO  ''\^2si good  had;  H^lD  •I'T^^  a  good 
Damsel;  DOlD  Dn^^  good  Lads;  JlblD  riVl];^  good 
Damsels. 

R.  36.  An  Adjective  (also  verb  or  participle)  belonging  to  two 
or  more  Substantives  must  be  in  the  plural  number  ;  and  if  one 
of  the  Nouns  be  masculine,  the  adjective  (verb  or  participle)  must 
be  of  the  masculine  gender,  as  D'^p?  nib")  DH^^D^^  Abraham 
and  Sarah  were  old.  DUin^  ^*r)i^2^  ^^-3!3  thy  sons  and  thjr 
daughters  shall  be  given. 

37.  The  degrees  of  comparison  are  three : 

First,  the  Positive,  as  ^"JtO  good. 

Second,  the  Comparative,  which  is  formed  by  prefixing  to  the 
Substantive  to  which  the  preference  is  given,  or  to  the  adjective 
belonging  to  that  noun,  a  0  with  a  (  )  and  a  dagesh  in  the  suc- 
ceeding letter,  as  Dl^Spl  O^^^D  ^ItD  G^'  ^riHJl  And  I  will 
give  thee  a  name  better  than  sons  and  daughters ;  rftl  S^Tl^ni 
n^n  730  0)1]^  and  the  serpent  was  more  subtle  than  any  beast; 
and  if  the  letter  does  not  admit  of  a  dagesh,  the  (■)  is  changed 
into  (..),as  .^pDI  ::n|  »£)^i<P  :^»5-niln  »S-D1£0  the  law  of 
thy  mouth  is  better  to  me  than  thousands  of  gold  and  silver ;  or 
by  prefixing  "|p  and  a  makaph,  as  inNJl'IO  D'^tS^ll  DOlD 
two  are  better  than  one. 


23 

Third,  the  Superlative  degree,  which  is  made  by  joining  the 
word  1UJ2  with  the  adjective,  as  *fNP  Dl£3  very  good. 

Prefixing  a  3  to  the  noun,  as  Wl^^^  DlCSn  the  best  amongst 
women. 

Repeating  the  adjective,  as  !3iJD  DID  exceedingly  good. 

Using  two  synonymous  words,  as  |1^5^?1  ''^^  P^^^  ^^^  needy, 
i.  e.  exceedingly  poor. 

Doubling  the  noun,  as  Wp^Tl  ^Dt^  the  heaven  of  heavens, 
or  the  highest  heaven. 

CHAPTER  VII.— Pronouns. 

In  Hebrew  the  Pronouns  are  either  separable,  consisting 
of  distinct  words ;  or  inseparable,  i.  e.  letters  added  or  affixed  to 
the  noun. 

R.  38.  Separable  Pronouns  are  either  personal,  relative,  de- 
monstrative, or  interrogative. 

I,  Personal  Pronouns. 

In  which  are  to  be  noticed  Genders,  Numbers,  and  Cases, 

Sing. 


1. 


ON 


ion  i  ^^^ 


K^n     He 


24 
B.  39.  The  Personal  Pronouns  are  declined  thus : 
SINGULAR. 


1st  Person. 

2d  Person. 

2(?  Person, 

3d  Person, 

3(i  Person, 

Com. 

Mas. 

Fern. 

Mas. 

Fern. 

♦JN* 

nnN 

nK 

^in 

NM    JVom. 

♦W 

?]W' 

T     V 

iSe^" 

nW'     Gen. 

^S 

'1^ 

i? 

iS 

T 

♦JlIK 

^niN* 

rjrii.v 

ini{< 

nniN  dec. 

T 

*l?p 

!r]^p 

n?o 

ii?P 

*rJ 

^? 

n? 

13 

r^^]-""- 

PLURAL. 


^:nj 

DnN 

iriN 

on 

|rT  AoOT. 

^:iW" 

ddW' 

I?^^' 

nnht^ 

jnS^r'     Gen. 

T 

'.'     T 

P^ 

DnS 

■.•     T 

fnS    i?a/. 

T 

D^n?^ 

p^nj< 

Dnu^{ 

jriiK  Ace. 

T 

I?PP 
I?? 

V    T                T 

IL  Relative  Pronoun. 

I^H  that,  which,  who,  singular  and  plural,  mas.  and  fem, 

IIL  Demonstrative  Pronouns. 

n.t  this,  that,  masculine  singular,  7K  Dyi^  these,  plural. 

nt  It  HNt  this,  that,  feminine  singular, 
^t  f /H  this,  that,  common. 

T    - 

IV.  Interrogative  Pronouns. 
♦p  who,  what  person  ?  ilD  HD  or  Mp,  which  or  what  thing? 
R.  40.  Inseparable  Pronouns  are  particles   affixed  to  Nouns> 
Verbs,  Participles,  and  Adverbs. 


25 

Those  affixed  to  Nouns  are  contained  in  the  following  table. 
TO  A  NOUN  SINGULAR. 


A  plural  Pronoun. 

Jl 

singular  Pronoun. 

3.  fern. 

3.  mas. 

2.  fem. 

2.  mas. 

1.  com. 

3.  fem. 

3.  mas. 

2.  fVm. 

2.  mas. 

1.  com. 

I?  I, 

on  10 

Q  their 

T 

13, 

your 

U    1J 

T 

our 

n 

T 

her 

1  in., 
n  i  his 

'2.^. 

ri   thy 

1* 
my 

r 

ro  A 

NOUI 

V  PL 

URAL 

, 

w\. 


f^. 


DD^ 


U' 


n» 


in» 

1  V 


T-- 


♦ » 


A  NOUN  MASCULINE. 


A  pi.  JVoun  DHD*!  Words.  A  sing.  Noun  "1^*1  «  Word. 


plur.  pron. 

sing.  pron. 

plur.  pron. 

sing.  pron. 

I^*"!?"! 

-T     : 

uipi 

•  T     ; 

Com.  1, 

D?*1?1 

^n.?"! 

V     ;  T     : 

Tin 

>2. 

pn?i 

T^-?T 

ISI?"! 

ni?-! 

VI31 

T  T     : 

T          V  T       : 

D-I3T 

TT     : 

1-131 

T    : 

A  NOUN  FEMININE. 


nnin  Laws. 


n"l1n  a  Law. 


irninin 

^riinifi 

i:inniri 

••      T 

'min 

T 

Com.  1. 

oj^nnin 

^I'Ji^inin 

D^rriin 

rjn-iin 

M.  ) 

I5*ninin 

rj^nimn 

IjrJ'^in 

^r^-y^rs 

r.  f 

Dn^rmin 

vniiin 

T 

Dn^in 

T      T 

innin 

T 

•^•(3 

frr'riinifi 

n^ninin 

T 

tnnin 

nn^in 

T       T 

F.    S'- 

The  Vowel  preceding  the  Affix  belong^  to  t)ie  last  letter  af  tl)«  ^oun« 


26 

CHAPTER  Vllh— Verbs. 

A  Verb  is  either  K7O  perfect  and  regular,  or  ^IpH  imperfect 
and  irregular.  | 

R.  41 .  A  V«rb  generally  consists  of  three  radical  letters,  the  first ; 
with  a  (t)  and  the  second  with  a  ( -),  as  7]^Q',  but  sometimes  the  i 
second  radical  has  a  (••),  as  V^tl,  or  a  ( 1 ),  as  ptOp  ;  and  always  i 
a  (t)  when  the  third  radical  is  X  or  H,  as  N^O  (17^1.  ■ 

^      '  T     T  T     T 

In  a  regular  Verb  is  to  be  noticed  its  Conjugations,  Voices, ; 
Moods,  Tenses,  Numbers,  Persons,  and  Genders. 

42.  In  the  Hebrew  language,  correctly  speaking,  is  but  one 
conjugation,  called  V^^  Binyan,  but  has  seven  significations, 
which  are  distinguished  from  each  other  by  difierent  names  and 
characteristic  marks,  as 

!•  7^3  he  wrought,  and  is  called  7p,  i.  e.  light,  because  it  is 
simple  in  its  signification,  and  not  burthened  with  any  charac- 
teristic marks. 

ii.  7^£)  J  he  was  wrought  upon ;  characterized  by  a  prefix  J, 
or  by  a  Dagesh  in  the  first  radical. 

iii.  7^Q  he  wrought  diligently  j  characterized  by  a  Dagesh  in 
the  second  radical,  as  ID  7. 

iv.  hVQ  he  was  diligently  wrought  upon ;  characterized  by 
a  ( ..)  under  the  first  radical,  and  a  dagesh  in  the  second,  as  1^7 

V.  V^Sn  he  caused  another  to  work ;  characterized  for  the 
most  part  by  a  ,1  prefix  and  a  *  inserted  between  the  second  and 
third  radicals. 

vi.  7j[7Dn  he  was  caused  to  work;  characterized  by  a  (:) 
under  the  first  radical,  and  a  ( , )  or  (t:)  under  the  prefix. 

vii,  7i^5rin  he  wrought  upon  himself;  characterized  by  the 
syllable  fin  prefixed,  and  a  Dagesh  in  the  second  radical,  as 

R.  43.  A  Verb  has  two  Voices,  the  Active  and  the  Passive  : 
except. in  those  verbs  in  which  the  nature  of  the  action  cannot 
admit  of  a  passive,  called  intransitive  verbs,  as  I  sleep,  I  walk,  &jc, 

R.  44.  In  the  preceding  paradigms  Pa-al  or  Kal,  Pi-ail  and 
HiphJl  are  active;  Niph-al,  Pu-al,  and  Hoph-al,  are  passive  j  and 
Hith-pa-ail  is  both  active  and  passive, 

B,  45.  The  Mood?  are  three. 


27 

The  Indicative,  describing  the  action  as  done,  doing,  or  to  be 

done,  with  certainty.  ^ 

The  Imperative,  commandmg  a  thing  to  be  done.  .         ' 

The  Infinitive,  simply  speaking  of  the  action  without  any 

regard  to  time. 

R.  46.  The  Tenses  are  three  only. 

*)D1^  past  or  preterite,  expressing  the  action  already  done,  and 
includes  the  preterperfect,  the  preterimperfect,  and  the  preter- 
pluperfect. 

'l''nV   Future,  declaring  the  action  yet  to  be  done. 

'Jly^  Intermediate,  i.  e.  between  the  past  and  future,  of 
which  there  are  two,  7^iS,  or  present  participle,  and  71^5,  or 
past,  passive  participle. 

R.  47.  Numbers  are  two,  the  Singular  and  the  Plural. 

R.  48.  There  are  three  persons  in  most  parts  of  the  Verb. 

The  first  person,  the  person  speaking  of  himself. 

The  second  person,  the  person  spoken  to. 

The  third  person,  the  person  spoken  of. 

R.  49.  Genders  are  two,  the  Masculine  and  Feminine,  except 
the  first  person  singular  and  plural  in  the  preterite  and  future, 
and  the  third  person  plural  preterite,  which  are  common. 

R.  50.  The  difierent  numbers,  persons,  and  genders,  are  formed 
by  prefixes  and  affixes,  joined  to  the  Root  of  the  Verb  in  the  fol- 
lowing  order,  in  which,  observe,  the  dots  represent  the  radicals. 


PARTICIPLE. 

Imperative 

Affixes. 

Future 

Prefixed  and 

affixed. 

Preter 
Affixed. 

Passive.    \         Present. 

SINGULAR. 

Sing. 

sing. 

•••» 

... 

he 

-  Mas. 

-n 

n- 

she 

n;- 

nZJFem 

♦••• 

thou  mas. 
thou  fem. 

...^ 

^n- 

I        com 

PLURAL. 

Plur. 

Plur. 
QV"  Mas. 

V 

V" 

on- 

they  com. 
they  mas, 
they  fem. 
ye     mas. 

ri- 

nV" Fem. 

1  ^r 

J  or  riy-D 

in- 

ye     fem. 

"■: 

ij- 

we    com. 

28 

R.  51.  A  perfect  Verb  is  conjugated  after  the  example  of  IJD?* 
i     J^ote.  The  word  used  by  the  ancient  Grammarians  for  an  ex- 
ample of  a  Verb  was  /i^iD,  from  whence  the  different  paradigms 

'  have  derived  their  names  (see  R.  41.)     Hence  the  first  letter 
i  L 

of  a  Verb  is  called    f),  the  second   1^,  and  the  third  7.     But 

'  modern  Grammarians  have  justly  chosen  another  word  instead  of 
7i^3  because  of  the  dagesh  lene  in  the  5,  which  might  be  mis- 
taken for  the  characteristic  dagesh ;  and  because  of  the  V,  which 
admits  of  no  dagesh  at  all. 

R.  52.     1.  Paradigm  hv.^  or  Sp. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD.— PRETER  TENSE. 


Person. 


3* 


SINGULAR. 

Gender. 

^o!? 

he^ 

^Mas. 

T  ;  IT 

>  did  learn, 
she  ) 

(Fem. 

rinoS; 

) 

f  Mas. 

T      :-T    ( 

>  thou  didst  learn, 

^ 

> 

CFem. 

:  -  T 

I  did  learn, 

PLURAL. 

Com. 

:  IT 

they  did  learn, 

Com. 

0^1^?" 

) 

(  Mas. 

jriioS 

}  ye  did  learn, 
) 

(Fern. 

in^S 

we  did  learn, 

Com. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 


SINGULAR. 


1  nloW     I  shall  or  will  learn 

2  <  ;  ■>  thou  shalt  or  wilt  learn, 

C  11dS»     he   ^ 

3  <  .    L               /  shall  or  will  learn, 

)  niD^n  shei 


Cora. 
(Mas. 

(Fern. 
CMas. 

^Fem. 


•  The  third  person  is  used  first  because  it  is  the  JJ'")^  Root  of  the  whole  Verb. 


29 

Person*  Venier 

1  *11^7^    W6  shall  or  will  learn,  Com. 

(       npSriJ  (Mas. 

2  <  *  f'      >  ye  shall  or  will  learn,  < 
^nniD^nj  ^Fem. 

(         npS»  )  C  Mas. 

3  <      »    •    L,     /  *^^y  ^^^^^  learn, 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

SINGULAR, 


1  ; 

<  ■  J    >  learn  ye 


PLURAL. 


SINGULAR. 


■h) 


PLURAL. 


Fein 


nlD^  )  (  Mas, 

{   >  learn  thou,  < 

1??  )  (  Fem 


ntt^)  CMas. 

(Fem. 
INFINITIVE  MOOD. 

*TlD7  to  learn. 

T 

PRESENT  PARTICIPLE. 


ID  17      he  is  learning,  Mas. 

J  ^  ■  '}    >  she  is  learning,  Fem. 


C    Dnpl7)  (Mas. 

3     <  'r    >  they  are  learning,  < 

I    ni-lDiSi  iFem. 

R.  53.  The  first  and  second  person  are  formed  by  prefixing  their 

respective  pronouns,  as  IDl 7  UN  I  am  learning,  IDI?  ^i^^f 

thou  art  learning. 

PASSIVE  PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR 

(  *T1D7     he  is  learned,  Mas 

)       iTTIO/     she  is  learned,  Fem» 


m 


30 

Person,  plural.  Gender. 

C    DniD7)  (Mas. 

3     <  J    >  ihey  are  learned,  < 

|nniD>5  (Fern. 

R.  54.      2.  Paradigm,  Sj^Sl 
INDICATIVE   MOOD.— PRETER   TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

(        "IdSj     he   J  ^Mas. 

(     mo'i'3 )  <  Mas. 

1  *)]T1P7J    I  was  taught,  Com. 

PLURAL. 

9  ^Itliy^    they  were  taught,  Com. 

'     ilpiD^4'' ""'"'''  ire.. 

1  IJID?^    we  were  taught,  Corn. 

FUTURE    TENSE 

SINGULAR. 

1  *^P^?!if     I  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^  taught.  Com. 

(       *iP^n )  ( Mas. 

2  <  L     /  ^hou  shall  or  wilt  be  taught  < 

(     *1?./^i  (Fern. 

(        10^:    he  )  r  Mas. 

3  <  }  "^  >  shall  or  will  be  taught,  < 

(      ^P7il    she  J  (Fem. 


PLURAL. 


1  *^^/^    ^^  s^*^^  ^^  will  be  taught,  Com. 

(     ^IKi^D )  ( Mas. 

*     S  >-  »•.  Jl  .-  ?  y®  ^^^^^  O""  w^^^  ^c  taught,  < 

(nnp?^)  (Fern. 

(       ^IDT ) 

I  :  IT  •    f 


8 


(       )'^D'7' )  ( Mas. 


% 


31 
IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

Person.  singular.  Gender 

nO^n  )  C  Mas. 


Fem. 


2 


<  r      >  be  thou  taught,  < 

PLURAL. 

(      Mt^hn  J  C  Mas. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 

"Ip7n  being  taught. 
PRESENT    PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR. 

•to'?;) ) 

nip /J   >  being  taught, 

nnpS;i  ) 

.  PLURAL. 

R.  55.     3.  Paradigm  S^S- 
INDICATIVE   MOOD.— PRETER   TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

C  naS      he  J  ^Mas. 

<  L  /  did  teach  diligently  < 

1       moS     shei  ^      ^  ^Fem. 

riinS)  CMas. 

t)  thou  didst  teach  diligently. 


Fem. 


1  ♦fllD?     I  did  teach  diligently,  Com 


PLURAL. 


3  1*^^?     t^ey  did  teach  diligently,  Com. 

c  DmaS>  ^Mas. 

1  lil^/     we  did  teach  diligently,  Com 


32 

FUTURE  TENSE. 

Person,  singulak.  Gender^ 

1  *^^^i<     I  shall  or  will  teach  diligently,  Com. 

C       naSri)  ,  (Mas. 

2  {  I   '  )  thou  shalt  or  wilt  teach  diligently,  ( 

(      n?7Jn)  ^   (Fern. 

i        IdSi     he  )  (Mas. 

3  \  I    '  I  shall  or  will  teach  diligently,  < 

(       HDin     she)  (Fern. 


PLURAL. 


^D  7^     we  shall  or  will  teach  diligently,       Com. 

(     n^Sfl)  (Mas. 

<  L     /  y^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^'^  teach  diligently,      ( 

(  n^ng7;i )  (  Fern. 

(       naS»)  ^  (Mas. 

I  L    )  *^^y  ^^^^^  ®^  ^^^^  teach  diligently,  ( 


SMas. 
Fem. 

SMas. 
Fem. 


IMPERATIVE. 

SINGULAR. 

I   >  teach  thou  diligently, 

PLURAL, 

■  :   >  teach  ye  diligently, 

T     :  ..  -  / 

INFINITIVE. 

*1D7  to  teach  diligently. 
PRESENT   PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR 

npSp     he  ^  rMas. 

•7*1,979  fgjjg  >  is  teaching  diligently,       -l 

n-ittSg^     )  (rem 

PLURAL. 

(  D»nttSo>  (Mas. 

\        ■ '  1  ■  >  they  are  teaching  diligently,  < 

^nn»7p)  (Fem. 


33 

R.  56.      4.  Paradigm  S^$. 

INDICATIVE   MOOD.— PRETER  TENSE. 

Person.  singular.  Gender. 

C  If^h    he  )  (Mas. 

3   / 


was  taught  diligently, 


<'  7  >  was  laugm  uiiigeuuy,  2 

I        tiyp     she)  (Fern. 

(        ni^sS)  ,  (Mas. 

2  ^  L  /  ^^^^  ^^^^  taught  diligently,  < 

I        ^1^.(>  (Fem. 

1  *rilf^^     I  was  taught  diligently,  Com. 

PLURAL. 

3  )1tp7     they  were  taught  diligently,  Com. 
C    DnnoS)                                                          (Mas. 

2  <       yin-irgS  (  ^^  ^^""^  ^^"^^^  diligently,  ^ 

1  IJID?     we  were  taught  diligently.  Com 

FUTURE   TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

1  1!S /^i     I  shall  or  will  be  taught  diligently,       Cora. 

(        lfp%)  _  _  (Mas. 

2  <  L      /  ^hou  shalt  or  wilt  be  taught  diligently,  < 

(      np?ri^  (Fem. 

(  "T»S»  he 


iMas. 
Fem. 


n^?n  she , 

PLURAL. 


1  *1^  7^     ^^6  shall  or  will  be  taught  diligently.  Com. 

(  n^V^ )                                                           C  Mas. 

^   I  nn^^il^^"'                                                 ?Fem. 

C  nsS^^                                                        (Mas. 


Fem 


IMPERATIVE.     NOT  USED. 
INFINITIVE. 

*1lD7  to  be  taught  diligently. 
5 


94 

PRESENT    PARTICIPLE. 

Person.  singular.  Gender 

r         nfil^p     he  ^  ^  Mas. 

3      <      J^l^^p)  j^C is  taught  diligently,  V 

i     ^"!.??9j       3  )Fem. 

PLURAL. 

c  ant^ht^}  cMas. 

3     <  V^  S  they  are  taught  diligently,  ^ 

R.  57.       5.  Paradigm,  S^V^rT. 
INDICATIVE    MOOD.— PRETER   TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

C      n^P^rr     he  J  ( Mas. 

3     <  {_  >  caused  to  teach,  / 

(  nTP?.*!     shei  ^Fem. 

(    plO^n)  CMas. 

2     {     ^   '    {      /  thou  causedst  to  teach,  -s 

(    ri1P7n^  ^Fem. 

1  ♦mQ/H      I  caused  to  teach,  Com. 


PLURAL. 


3  l^l^p/H     they  caused  to  teach,  Com 

(oriipSn)  (Mas. 

2     <  L     }  y^  caused  to  teach. 


Fem. 


(  frinpSn 

1  ^JTDyn     we  caused  to  teath,  Com. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

1  n^pbi;;?     I  shall  or  will  cause  to  teach,  Com. 


2 


c  n*P7r) )  c  Mas. 

?            t      >  thou  shalt  or  wilt  cause  to  teach,  < 

I  n:D)r\^  ^Fem. 

C       n^pS.^   he  ^  }  Mas. 

^            >  ■           >  shall  or  will  cause  to  teach,  ^ 

(  I^Pyi?  she>  (Fern. 


PLURAL. 


I^P?^    we  shall  or  will  cause  to  teaclit       Com 


3^ 

Person.  Gender 

c  n»pSn)  (Mas. 

2  <            L     /  y^  s^*^^  ^'^  ^^^^  cause  to  teach,  < 
(nnp7r)J  (Fem 

C      n»pS»  )  C  Mas. 

3  <  ;  ■    >  they  shall  or  will  cause  to  teach,  < 

^nnp^nj  (rem. 

INFINITIVE   MOOD. 


to  cause  to  teach. 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

SINGULAR. 


S.l)  ( Mas. 

cause  thou  to  teach, 


PLURAL. 


CDn>P7P) 
(niTp'po^ 


Fern. 


C     n»P7ri)  (Mas. 

<  L      >  cause  ye  to  teach,  < 

PRESENT    PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR. 

nVpSp      he  J  fMas. 

rri^P/p  r  ,      >  caused  to  teach, 

n"i.p^p^     ) 

PLURAL.  * 

hi. 

they  caused  to  teach, 


R.  58.     6.  Paradigm  ^511. 
INDICATIVE  MOOD.— PRETER   TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

(       "tpS!7    he    ]  (Mas. 

\  '  L^  >  caused  to  be  taught,  < 

(    rriDpn    she)  (Fem. 


36 

Person,  Gender. 

2     <     ^        f  ^   >  thou  caused  St  to  be  tauQ;ht,  < 

I    r^-lO^n^  ^  (Fern. 

1  ^nnobn     I  caused  to  be  taught,  Com. 


PLURAL. 


3            ITOyll     they  caused  to  be  taught,  Com. 

(orino^n^  cMas. 

2     <?              L     /  3'^  caused  to  be  taught,  < 

(  ]r^'lt2pn)  (Fern. 

1           1Jl"lD^n     we  caused  to  be  taught.  Com. 


2     ^ 


FUTURE  TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

"l^/X     I  shall  or  will  cause  to  be  taught,     Com. 

n^Vn )  .  ( Mas. 

i   ^"  >  thou  shall  or  wilt  cause  to  be  tauffht,  < 
I    ''^P?^:)  (Fem. 

C      noS;.     he  ^  '  ^Mas. 

3     <  1  ^  )>  shall  or  will  cause  to  be  taught,  < 

(    "1??C     she^  (Fem. 

PLURAL. 

1  "1^-27^     we  shall  or  will  cause  to  be  taught.     Com. 

MD^r)  )  i  Mas. 


2   <  L      /  y^  ^^^^^  ®^  ^^'^^  cause  to  be  taught 

n^"lD7r)  )  (  Fem. 

npS;)  ,  (Mas. 

I    ^  >  they  shall  or  will  cause  to  be  taught,  \ 
r\p^fpyn\  (Fem 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 

1p7'1   to  cause  to  be  taught. 

IMPERATIVE.      NOT  USED. 

PRESENT   PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR. 

(1*1079)  /  caused  to  be  taugnt,         < 

she   i  i  Fem. 


moba 


37 

Person.  plubal.  Gender. 

(   DnpSo)  (Mas. 

3      {  L     /  *^^y  caused  to  be  taught,  i 

( nn975)  (Fem. 

R.  59.     7.  Paradigm,   hv^Htl. 
INDICATIVE  MOOD.— PRETER  TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

i  ifphnn  he )  aias. 

3      <  I   '  /  did  leach  himself,  { 

(nntplOn     she)  (Fem. 

(ri-j^Snn)  (Mas. 

2      \       '    f  /  thou  didst  teach  thyself,  { 

(]1-|a'2nn)  (Fern. 

1       *n"1!D7rin     I  did  teach  myself.  Com. 


PLURAL. 


3         n^7nn     they  did  teach  themselves,  Com. 

(on-T^Snn)  (Mas. 

2      {      '    '    L        /  ye  did  teach  yourselves,  { 

K    ril^Pnn)  (Fem. 


1  l^'lO^rin     we  did  teach  ourselves,  Com. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

SINGULAR.  * 

1  *!^ SpNt    I  shall  or  will  teach  myself,  Com, 

(  nsSnn)  (Mas. 

2  <  I    '      /  thou  shah  or  wilt  teach  thyself,       { 
(na:?riri^  (Fern. 

C      -T»Sn»     he^  rMas. 

3  <  }     ■  /-  shall  or  will  teach  himself,       < 

(   n^l^nn   shei  ^Fem, 

PLURAL. 

1  no  7^1^     we  shall  or  will  teach  ourselves,      Com. 

(   n^Snn)  fMas. 

2  \  I         /ye  shall  or  will  teach  yourselves,  < 
(nn»7W)  (Fem, 

I     naSn!i  (Mas. 

{  ?  ^^  \  they  shall  or  will  teach  themselves.  \ 


3 


38 
INFINITIVE  MOOD. 

*T!p7nrT   to  teach  one's  self. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

Person.  singular.  Gender 

c    if2ihnn)  (Mas. 

2     <  ['}  teach  thou  thvself.  ? 

PLURAL 

C      nDSn-"! )  ( Mas. 

2     S^.^..Lf_^/  teach  ye  yourselves,  { 


PRESENT   PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR 

naSrip    lie  ^  rMas. 

•T^^/ripfgUg  /  is  teaching. 


1 


(  nnjpinr^)  ^  cms. 

3     <  L        /  they  are  teaching  themselves,      ? 

X.  EXERCISE. 

The  following  Verbs  are  conjugated  in  the  same  manner  as 

Sp3  Balal,  he  did  hinder. 
70-1  Gamal,  he  recompensed, 
p^"!  Davak,  he  cleaved. 


*  Few  Verbs,  however,  are  conjugated  in  all  the  parts  of  the  Verb.  In  manj  of 
the  Verbs  changes  take  place  in  some  of  the  points,  which  will  be  noticed  in  the 
proper  place, 


39 

*13f  Zachar,  he  remembered. 
7^11  Chadal,  he  ceased. 
^On  Chasar,  he  diminished. 

-     T 

^*VD  Taraph,  he  tore,  spoiled. 
^?3  Car.av,  he  failed,  deceived 

lDp7  Lakat,    he  collected,  gathered. 

tJO/  Lavash,  he  clothed. 

Tj'^O  Malach,  he  reigned. 
ni^D  Mashach,  he  anointed. 

"IJD  Sagar,  he  shut. 

130  Saphad,  he  mourned. 

*li3D  Saphar,  he  counted. 

D?l^  Azav,  he  forsook. 
C^pJ7  Akash,  he  perverted. 

"ItOfl  Patar,  he  dismissed. 
tif'lb  Parash,  he  scattered. 
pli  Tzadak,  he  justified. 

*]'V^  Tzaraph,  he  purged. 
"nCp  Kashar,  he  bound  together 
tJ^lp  Kadash,  he  separated,  sanctified. 

7JlS  Ragal,  he  walked  about,  investigated. 
tlT)  Radaph,  he  pursued,  persecuted. 
*12C^  Shavar,  he  broke. 
t:S^'  Shalat,  he  ruled. 
TjOn   Tamach,  he  sustained. 


i 


I 


Hithpaayl. 

Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

Pual. 

Faragogic  Letters,  i. 

nnpSn 

i^'ip'pO 

r'lP':^? 

^riipbn 

i"^p'?d 

DHipSn 
|n"tp*7'5 

;  -    :    t: 

"i^pSn 

onipSn 
jrnpSn 
ynpSr? 

-ID 

nnp 
n"ip 

♦nip' 
np' 

inp^ 

re 

re          '  ' 

re" 

re 

a^ 
a 

re 
re 
S 

a- 

np'Sn 
nnpSri 

T      :   -     :     t: 

■T07N 

TP^l 

npS 
np^-. 

-1P.S 

nD'7 

np3i 

nnp7'i 

n:ipV 

O                  T     1 

"''Pbrin 

*•    :     t: 

"^pS"^ 

"lis: 

make  it  emphat 

T     :  i-  -     :      ■ 

J\i''ot  used. 

T    •  I-    :    - 

JVof  W5erf.i 

re 

a 

Dn^Srip 
nnpSnp 

TT):       T 

Dnp'7.0 

T    :    T 

n^pSp 
nn^p^p 

riip'j'p" 
Dn^bVp 
nn»P7P 

ri"fp7i 
Dn',^7^ 

F.  ni"TlDS  they  DHIoS  M.                MniD^  1 

Piayl. 

Niphal. 

Kal. 

If^h 

nnh: 

IDh 

he 

moS 

niD^j 

hid':?' 

she 

CT     :-  1- 

hthou^M. 

'    ^niiih 

^riio^j 

♦rn2:3 

I 

re 
re 

H- 1 

^it^h 

noSj 

no^ 

they 

re 

•^ 

oma^ 

Dm^^: 

Dnio'? 

1-  1^: 

[^"t'^."? 

ij-id'^ 

we. 

§ 

. 

•^ 

"^»S^< 

-iD^i^^ 

"iIdSn* 

I 

& 

"TOT 

|.ho„|M. 

re^ 

-i^S' 

Doh' 

he 

^ 

n;2Sn 

"TP,7^ 

"ilo^n 

she 

& 

re^ 
-i 

O 

"i!D^j 

no^j 

n^oSj 

we 

S 

-1 

«§. 

n^'^n 

n!3^n 

noVn 

>           (M. 

• 

2 

n^if^hn 

nnoSn 

nj-nb^n 

P      If. 

re 

T     :  !■■  T    »• 
T      :  I-    T     • 

]...ey|M. 

a 

re 
-J 

"T^'? 

•■      T 

nioS 

Infinitive. 

n^S 

"Tpf^n 

hidS 

1""™1f; 

1^ 

naS' 

nD7n 

no'^ 

re 

>- 

VidS 

no7n 

no"? 

F^    If. 

a 

re 

2- 

nn0' 

-n^ndjn 

T     :      ,     : 

re 

fi- 
re 

S 

n^So 

^dS: 

lOlS 

he 

ms9b 

n-!oS:i 

mmS 

C  <;hp 

tn 

mo9b 

n-TD^: 

nnoiS 

? 

Dn'a'Sp 
nnpSp 

T 

|-.l^; 

;        DDh  h 

e.              Pas 

t  or  Passive  Participle. 

1 

Pages.     40 

41. 

Hithpaayl. 

nSDxnn 


Hophal. 

nSSSn 
onSDNH 


Hiphil. 

DnSpNn 


s 


?5^ 


?;:-    n 


a 

a- 


n 


nj7DNnn 


S 


:)N^< 


T  :  j-    t:   T 


::  n  \ 


h 


:iiinr\ 


S^Nn 


h 


Dxn 


??* 


a 


ll:lSb^?nrT 


JVbf  used. 


SnNn 
y'^^'6 


)       T    t:    T 


F.  niSlDK  they  D'S1^^?  M. 


Piayl. 


^^ 


DN 


n:i7DNn 


^:3iVN 


Kal. 


he 

she 


Sdn*         ^Di*- 


DKH 


*7pNn 


I  thou  I  M. 


they 


we. 


thou 

he 

she 


ye 


(M. 
IF. 


M. 
F. 


^ 


^DN 


b 


DN 


.hey|M. 


Infinitive. 


tri 
^ 


a 
I 


he 

^  she 


M. 


|.hey|M, 


h3 


•^^ 


^o^< 


he. 


Past  or  Passive  Participle. 


Pages.    42,  43. 


Hitlipaayl. 

Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

Pual. 

re 
re 

r^y^^r^ 

nyi:^')n 

3 

on: 

e.  letters  added  at  the  end  of  a  wo 

T  :    ,-  -   :     ■ 

T   :    — 

)ymn 

n^y^n 

^)ym^ 

T  :      |- 

2^ 
)y^ 

T    :      -   : 

1 

^i^':rin 

':imr\ 

ymn 

y 

2 

ft         ^ 

re              T 

re 

a 

J^ot  used. 

^yy)n 

T  :    !•• 

Not  use 

nin££^':np 

T 

ny^)D 

rfy^/^D 

D'ythD 

r\yi. 
D6k 

T 

M.  niDitr"»  they  n^y^''.  f.           nDijy) 

Piayl. 


1JDti^» 


Niphal. 


Kal. 


he 
she 

1  thou  I  J,  • 

I 

they 

F^    If. 


we. 


I 

I  thou  ] 

he 

she 

we 

].   { 

]  they  I 


M. 
F. 


M. 
F. 

M. 
F. 


& 


:it^' 


rjt^^'in 


nnc^' 


Injinitive. 


thou 


M. 
F. 


)  (M. 

l^'    If. 


he 
she 


I  they  I 


M. 
F. 


^ 

a 


yii;^  he. 


Past  or  Passive  Participle. 


Pages.     44,  45, 


V 

Hithpaayl. 

Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

Pual. 

P.aragogic  Letters,  t. 

on  2^" 

e.  letters  added  at  the  end  of  a  wc 

T  :    r--    :     • 

T   :    I"  - 

T  :     -  ■. 

^  n  ? 

^nm 

tr^in 

ts^'^n 

tJ'l 

3 

?r-     n 

re            f 
re 

■1 

whnn 

T  :    I--    :     • 

JVb<  wed. 

T    :    !••   - 

Abf  used 

5-      ♦ 

T      T    '.. 

D^P^'^P 

T    *• 

tr'»JiP 

n^>iip 

D'^'^^p 

nitr'»;ip 

T      T    .^ 
T  •.. 

M.  nic^'i:i^  they  D»:r"i:ip  f.            n*f'i;jje 

Piayl. 

Niphal. 

Kal. 

! 

tr'Ji: 

trJ: 

ly:^ 

he 

nc^jij 

nt:^"!^ 

n^Jj 

she 

>  thou 

(M. 

? 

^nii^'aa 

♦nc^ji^ 

♦ntrj: 

I 

J5" 

< 

V^2i^ 

itj'j: 

ic^;: 

they 

2. 

re 

^ 

:     -  ■ 

we. 

(M. 

If. 

tr'jjK 

t:^nH 

tr'JN 

I 

[  thou 

(M. 
IP- 

Co 

^i^' 

t^'il' 

tj^j' 

he 

1^ 

t^jjh 

trj^n 

e^jn 

she 

? 

ti'iijj 

t:;yn 

tr'jj 

we 

C5 

T :    I- -  : 

T  :     !••  T     • 

|ye 

[  they 

CM. 
IF. 

(M. 

If. 

i 

'5. 

^1^ 

•■  T      • 

ri^;^ 

Infinitive. 

>  thou 

If. 

1 

■•I.* 

>• 

f6 

T  :    !••- 

T   :   i-T   • 

|ye 

(M. 
IF. 

3 

f: 

t:^'jijD 

z^n 

r:ii:i 

he 

? 

>  she 

nir'iijp 

T    • 

:    1 

[  they 

CM. 

}f. 

J      ti^'u;  h 

e.               Pas 

t  or  Passive  I  articiple. 

1 

Pages.      46,  47. 


Hithpaayl. 

Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

Pual. 

Doipnn          op^n 

D^pn 

Dpi; 

nDDipnrr 

nopp 

n^'pn 

nobi 

^    n 

r\DO)pnn 

nopin        riio'pn 

T             * 

^ 

nDDipnn 

riopin       niD'pn 

nPPi 

f 

^riooipnn 

♦hbpin      ^niQ^pn 

♦nppi 

iDDipn'n         iDpin 

'iQ'pn 

ibpi 

DnQDipnn    Dnf2i;))n 

oniD'pn 

Drippi 

(« 

2 

[noaipnn 

inppin 

[nio»pn 

\bW' 

••• 

^ypD^pr^r^ 

^jppin 

liiD'pn 

ijppi 

i?*    n 

DQipnx 

opiN 

D^pN 

Dpip 

DDipnn 

Dpin 

D'pn 

Dpip 

rs  add 

^DDipnn 

^pp^n 

♦P'pn 

»ppip 

DDipn^ 

DpV 

D'P» 

DPT 

a. 

DDipnn 

Dpin 

D'pn 

Dpip 

£.   ^ 

Doipn:i 

Dpi: 

D'p; 

Dpi 

f6 

iDOipnn 

lopin 

lo^pn 

IDPip 

a- 

n:oDipnn 

n^opin 

T    :    ||-T 

njpp"i|: 

^        I 

iDOipn^ 

^opv 

ID'P' 

IDPI 

a          ' 

^  ni 

1-    n 

T  :    I-     i       :     ■ 

njppin 

T    :    )i-T 

n^^pip 

DpiDrin 

Dpin 

D^pn 

DP 

DDipnn 

Dpn 

<S                      T 

♦DDipnn 

JVot  used. 

^Q'pn 

JVot  usei 

TO 

3 

loaipnn 

lo'pn 

a 

niDOipnn 

T  :     I-     1       :     • 

njppn 

Doipno 

□pio 

^'p^ 

m 

nooipno 

nopi!3 

no'pp 

noDi) 

D'Doipnr 

5        D^PPIQ 

D^D^pp 

D'DOI 

niDpipi^p 

MOpiO 

ni^  pp 

niODi) 

F,     niDIp  they  D'O  p     M. 

np^p 

i                = 
Piayl. 

Niphal. 

Kal. 

DOlp 

Dipj 

°R 

he 

nnqip 

npip: 

^9|? 

she 

rippip 

rippip 

niDipj 
nioipj 

fiPp 

>  thou 

(M. 

IF. 

^rip^ip 

♦nioipi 

♦nop 

I 

ft 

< 

IDOlp 

mp^ 

IDp 

they 

^ 

Dnppip 

fripoip 
Viippip 

Dnioip: 
jniDip: 
iJiQipii 

DnDp 
i:pp 

we. 

(M. 
IF. 

^5 

DOlpN 

DipN 

DIpN 

I 

□pipn 
^PDipn 

Dipn 
♦pipri 

Dipn 

♦pipn 

>  thou 

(M. 
IF. 

s 

opip' 

Dlp^ 

Dip: 

he 

^ 

Dpipn 

Dipn 

Dipn 

she 

S^ 

DOlp: 

Dip: 

Dip: 

we 

)t2D)pn 
njDpipn 

n^opipri 

loipn 
n^Dipn 

T  :     1  1       • 
10lp» 

.i:oipn 

T   ;      il 

loipn 
n:Dipn 

loip; 
n:Dipn 

T     :    ,1      T 

]ye 

[  they 

(M. 

If. 

(M. 

re 

D 

Dpip 

Dipn 

Dip 

Infinitive. 

Dpip 
'PDip 

Dipn 
»pipn 

Dip 

»p1p 

>  thou 

}f. 

I' 

IDDip 

T    :    1-       1 

loipn 
n:pipn 

IDIp 

n:oip 

|ye 

(M. 

b. 

1 

O 

Co 

DpipD 

Dip: 

Dp. 

he 

^ 

■^ 

riDoipp 

npip: 

^^n 

she 

«o 

D'Dpipp 

niQpipp 

D'pip: 
nioip^ 

D^Dp 

mop 

[  they 

CM. 

J         Dip     s 

he.             Pas 

t  or  Passive  Partlcip 

e. 

Pages    48,  49. 


Hitlipaayl. 

Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

Pual. 

Paragogic  Letters,  i. 

HDinpn 
npSinpn 
nininpn 
niiDinpn 

Dnnhinpn 
fniiinpn 

Dpin 

n^pin 

fiiSpin 

ninpin 

ispin 
Dnup^n 

'i;:)i:3pin 

^PD 

•^?p6 

jnibpn 

nispn 

^ni3Drr 

^^pn 

I^i^spn 
^ji^pn 

nn: 

in: 

s.  letters  added  at  the  end  of  a  wo 

DDinpN 

riiinpn 

»:niDinpn 

D;?ir)p» 

!j?inpj 

^:}:}inpn 

»\^5i}inpn 

:ipin 

ipr 
:3pin 

'  lipv 
n:opiii 

^P^ 
^PO 

i3pri 
nr?pn 

'  bp» 
nriDDri 

T     '.■     ■      : 

DD1 

O                  T     1 

Dninpn 

npin 

•'      T 

^3 

3 

^    n 

re      ▼ 

re 

■1 

^pinpn 
^Dainpn 
^:3innpn 

T   :     ••               ;     - 

JVoi  used. 

n^^^pn 

JVo2  u^ex 

re 

DDinpp 

n^Dinpo 

D^pninpp 

nn^inpp 

njpio 

DOpiD 

ninpiD 

^PP 
ni3pp 

T 

F.     niaiD    they   D^ID     M.                HDID  $ 

Piayl. 

Niphal. 

Kal. 

)         d:j1d 

DDJ 

no 

he 

< 

)       nnniD 

n^Dj 

HDD 

she 

3          r)22)0 

3       nijiiD 

ni3pj 

nup 
ni3D 

>  thou 

(M. 

If. 

^ 
•i 

3      »n::niD 

♦ni:jp: 

^n):^b 

I 

^ 

3            ^22)0 

13DJ 

1DD 

they 

e3. 
(0 

;s 

3     on^DiD 

oniDDj 

Dnino 

|ye 

1^- 

■^ 

3      fnn^iD 

fnupj 

inisp 

:? 

3 

3          1J331D 

i:i3p;i 

^:i:jp 

we. 

Co 

t          22)0H 

DD« 

D1DK 

I 

1      ♦:DniDn 

>  thou 

(M. 
(F. 

5^ 

»        :3DiD» 

DD' 

DID' 

he 

a 

8 

n:iiDri 

UDD 

niDn 

she 

& 

2 

:i3iDj 

::d^ 

::id:i 

we 

S 
;2 

'^ 

miDn 

i3pn 

IDiDD 

5  ye 

(M. 

If. 

Til" 

nr3pi;i 

>  they 

(M. 

a 

1 

U 

-a 

D;?iD 

SIDH 

niD 

Infinitive. 

npn 

DID 
♦DID 

[  thou 

CM. 

If. 

1 

)2Dn 
nrnbn 

T        '.-      -        • 

i:3iD 

T       •.' 

jye 

(M. 

If. 

Co 

S 

o 
e 

duidd 

DD^ 

niD 

he 

nD:3iDD 

nsDj 

nD!:iD 

she 

Co 

D^nniDD 

D'^DJ 

D':jdid 

f  they 

CM. 

(f. 

■ 

ni3p^ 

ninpiD 

DIDO 

T 

he.             Pas 

t  or  Passive  Particip 

e. 

Pages     50,  51. 


Hithpaayl. 

Huphal. 

Hiphil. 

Pual. 

Ni'^nn 

{<Von 

j<»VPn 

T 

nNi'Qnn 

nj<VDn 

nx^VPn 

T    : 

•^    n 

jiNvonn 

n^^fon 

DNvpn 

T 

n 
2 

fiNVDnn 

nxvon 

nx^^DH 

riNi 

^nxvDnn 

»nNvon 

^n^vpn 

^nxi 

iNvann 

it<v6n 

?i'}<»VPn 

^Xi 

oriKVDnn 

DDi^^Dn 

DfiNvpn 

DriN?^ 

3 

inxiTonn 

[nNVPn 

[iiNVPn 

f'*?^^ 

•*. 

V:^{vpn^ 

-r 

liiVvpn 

IJNi 

N^ODN 

ii)iDH 

K'VOJ^ 

N^x: 

ft 

N*i'onn 

j<von 

N^V^n 

T 

'  t 

»KVonn 

♦Kvon 

♦N^V^ri 

^NiT 

|: 

Nvon» 

NVO» 

N*VP! 

T 

«»^ 

i^-iionn 

i<VQn 

N'VPJ? 

T      *. 

^       ^ 

Nvon^ 

KVOJ 

N'VPJ 

T      ■ 

>-                     T 

)i<)iDnn 

1^<von 

IN^VPn 

IKVP 

S 

niiOiDnn 

njNVDn 

n:NVP^ 

T 

of  a  w 

INVDD^ 

1NV0* 

IN^VP!. 

IkNV^ 

T             *.'             T 

T        •.■    :       - 

T             ■.'     \ 

O             T   1 

Kv^rin 

Nvon 

••    :     T 

N'VPlT 

Niy 

3 

K^fDnri 

J<VPD 

^NV^nn 

M)t  used. 

♦N^VPn 

Aof  used. 

3 

iNvonn 

iN^vpn 

Kvono 

NVOO 

H^)iDD 

ii)!D 

ni^vDDD 

nxypp 

•     ^    .    .    _ 

T    T       '. 

riNvono 

riNvoo 

nt^ypp 

riNvp 

D\vvonD 

D^NVOD 

D^N'VPP 

D^Nip 

niNVP^P 

T   :     T 

niK^VP^P 

T 

f 

F.  ni}<i 

tfO  they  D^NI 

yp     M. 

ni<i^p 

Piajl. 

»nN*vP 


NYpN 

Kvpn 
'J<-i^P^ 

N^'P» 

N^pn 

i^'vpii 

iNVP'n 

m^i^pri 

""  ij^vp'* 


Niphal. 

Hixip: 
riNvpj 

D•^^^■i^P^ 


Kal. 

|rij<ip 


i<vo 


Ni'P 
iNi:p 


nkS*vpp 
riNvpb 

D^NVPP 


Nvsn 


N'ipri 
'K-ipn 

^Kvpn 


^J1^,'0 


he 
she 

thou 

I 

they 

ye 

we. 


(M. 
(M. 

If. 


I 

thou 

he 
she 

we 

ye 


NVP^ 
nxip^ 


is^p 

\s*VP 
ix>:p 


th 


ey 


M. 
F. 


M. 
F. 

M. 
F. 


Infinitive. 


the 


ye 


(M 


he 


1-  1^: 

I  they  I  M. 


I 


5:, 


N*1V0    he. 


Past  or  Passivp  Partlciole. 


r 


Pages     62,  53. 


n 


a 

a. 
a 


^   n 


a< 
a 


Hithpaayl. 


n5inn 
n.Vjihn 


Huphal. 


n.Sjin 


nSj 


N 


nj»7-3hn 


♦Sin 


Hiphil. 

nSjrr 
nn^in 

n'Sin 


♦'i'.in 
nSj'n 

n^»7;n 


ni'^jnn 


niSjrr 


niSj 


n 


3 


a 


nS 


Jinn 


i7inn 
nrVjinn 


nSjin 


Aof  tuecf. 


ny^in 


n!?Jino 
n^inp 

Dyinp 
niSino 


nSjD 
n7i6 

nnJD 


onJD 
niSio 


F.  ninSj  they  D^nSji 


M. 


nn' 


Piayl. 

Niphal. 

Kal. 

J 

n>j 

nSj: 

nSj 

he 

} 

nn'^j 

nn^j: 

nnS7 

she 

\ 

>   thou     }   y  ' 

? 

< 

'D^^JI 

^d^Sj: 

»n^5j 

I 

^-< 

■^^J 

^^jj 

iSi 

they 

c* 

^3 

Dn;Sji 

Dn'Sjj 

Dn*7j 

)           <M. 

r'    If. 

2 

tn;7j 

in^^'J: 

(ri^i 

i:»7J 

^j'?^^ 

■     T 

we. 

< 

n^jiN 

nSjx 

nSjN 

I 

i 

n^'jin' 

nSiri 

nSin 

}  .u      ^  M. 

^Sjin 

♦'J'in 

njn 

J  thou  j  p 

S 

f 

nVr 

n9:i» 

n'^r 

he 

i 

nVjri 

nSin 

nSjin 

she 

& 

.a 

n^ij 

n'^ji: 

hSj: 

we 

J2 

I'Virt 

iS/n 

iSjn 

l^    If. 

>• 

^ 

n:i^^ih 

n^^Sin 

n:»Sin 

1 

T      V  ~     : 

5  they  ^  p^ 

3 

niSj 

niSjn 

ni^^ 

Infinitive. 

nSj 

nSjin 

nSj 

]  ^^""^  1  F.* 

^ 

^9i 

♦SJm 

»^j|- 

I'^i 

i7jin 

6'} 

)          (M. 

r'    If. 

a 

1 

T       •.■    - 

T       V    T     • 

T    •/   : 

(% 

& 

a- 

) 

n^jio 

nSji 

nSiji 

>  ..„      ^  M. 

-1 

n^iD 

nSi^ 

.fi^    i^^      IF. 

p 

D^^ib 

D^yn 

^ 

ni9ip 

ni7Ji 

1 

1 

1 

(0 

he. 


Past  or  Passive  Participle. 


Pages  #4,  55, 


56 

IX.  Paradigm  of  the  Substantive  Verb  H^H  to  be, 

INDICATIVE    MOOD.—PRETER   TENSE. 

Person.  singular.  Gender. 

3     C     n^n    he  )  {  Mas. 


2 


c  n:n  he  I 

<  >  was, 

l^0\\}    she( 


(  DO'.  ?  ? 


INFINITIVE. 

vn  or  ni^rj  w»g»  ltd  •^-  » 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

SINGULAB. 


Fein. 

!n*\1  )  (  Mas. 

J,4.1C  thou  wast,  < 

0*!0)  (Fern. 

1        TI^M  I  was,  Com. 

PLURAL. 

3       i)*,*!  ihey  were,  Com. 

T 

Mas. 


2     <      •■  "   V         ye  were, 

(  W*!0  ^  <  Fern. 

1        1J**n  we  were.  Com 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

SINGULAR. 

1  n^il?^  *"'  *ni?^^  ^^'^^^  °''  ^^^'^  ^®>  Com. 

2  n^iiri  "'*  "^T^^  thou  shall  be, 

(    Xy'^Ty''^'^    ♦n*    he)  (   Mas. 

3  ?      ■•■"  "        Sshallbe,  < 
(•T.rtno'-^nn  she>  (  Fern. 

PLURAL. 

1        n*rfi  <"'  ^Hi^  w®  ^^^  ®''  ^'^^  '^^j  Com. 

Mas. 


/         '  >  ye  shall  be, 

7  >  they  shall  or  will  be,  < 


Fem. 
Mas. 

Fem. 


<       ■  >  be  thou,  < 


£7 

PLURAL. 


C      Vn)  (  Mai. 

PRESENT  PARTICIPLE. 

SINGULAR. 

^nin    he  >  r  Mas. 

(  nln    she  J    *  (  Fein. 

PLURAL. 

(  D'ln  )  (  Mai. 

R.  60.  Irregular  Verbs  are  generally  arranged  under  seven 
classes,  (exhibited  in  the  preceding  Paradigms,)  of  which  the  third 
and  fifth  are  called  defectives,  and  the  other  quiescents,  as 

1,  When  S  (>•  e.  the  first  radical,  see  the  note  in  Rule  51,)  ii 
an  t<,  as  7^^J,  he  did  eat 

2,  When  £3 is  a  ♦,  as  D^*,  he  did  sit. 

3,  When  flis  a  j,  as  12/}^,  he  drew  near. 

4,  When  1^  (i.  e.  the  second  radical)  is  a  \  as  Dipi  he  did 
arise. 

5,  When  ^  is  Gerainatum,  (i.  e.  the  same  as  the  third  radical,) 
as  iDD,  he  surrounded. 

6,  When  7  (i.  e.  the  third  radical)  is  an  N,  as  NVD,  he  found. 
>     7,  When  7  is  a  ,1,  as  Ttv},  he  revealed. 

The  following  Rules  will  greatly  assist  in  learning  the  Irregu- 
lar Verbs.  . 

1.  Quiescent  N"3,  l^H. 

61.  The  first  radical  N,  is  generally  omitted  to  prevent  two 
Alephs  coming  together,  as75  J^  ^or  .^NNI. 

Exception.  ^HJj?,  ^HNI.  and  ^DN   are  sometimes  formed 

likelDS. 

2.  Quiescent  »'£),  ^tif\ 

62.  *,  the  first  radical,  is  omitted  alter  every  one  of  the  letten 
♦lliONn,  and  its  place  is  generally  supplied  by  a  long  vowel^ 

aiS:31« 


58 

The  ♦  is  also  omitted  in  the  Imperative  of  Kal,  as  ^t/lf ',  and  in 
the  Infinitive  of  Kal,  but  has  a  jl  added,  as  D^ty. 

Excep.  1.  l^T,  ITI^,  ny  and  IDJ,  change » into  1  in  Hith- 
paail,  as  1^*1  IflH. 

Excep.  2.'  These  four  ^D*,  7T,  p^»,  and  ]f2\  retain  the  ♦, 
as  D»£p\n. 

Excep.  3.  The  following  Verbs  in  ^5  arc  more  or  less  con- 
jugated after  the  manner  of  tJ^'^J,  as  i^f^  ^V*,  ^i^  TVS  and 
t]p»,  constantly;  p^;^  "1^^  and'^lDS  generally;  ^JlS  DHS 
rp%  and  "ItJ^^  only  once. 

3.  Defective  ib ,  :r'Jl^ 

-   T 

63.  The  j  radical  is  dropped  in  the  Infinitive  and  Imperative 
of  Kal;  also  after  any  of  the  'flJQNin  letters,  the  j  is  omitted 
and  compensated  by  a  Dagesh  in  the  second  radical,  except  in  the 
future  of  Niphal,  in  the  whole  of  Piail,  Paul,  and  Hithpaail. 

64.  When  the  second  radical  is  a  Guttural,  the  j  is  not  omitted  ; 
and  those  whose  second  radical  is  a  1,  are  conjugated  after  the  ex- 
ample of  Dip. 

65.  The  Verb  |rii  hath  in  the  second  per.  Fret,  il^n^  and 
nnn,  in  the  infinitive  |ri^j|hijn^n»nri  and  "Jljl,  with  the 
suffix  ^riri,  the  imperative  jf)*  "jflj  nJHj  ^Jfl,  future  |^l^fJ  [HP 
♦^rin,  plural  |n^,|ni,  inf.  Niphal  |h^n,  future  Hophal  f^^ 

4.  Quiescent    f^,*  Dip. 

66.  TheWav  is  omitted  or  quiescent  in  most  parts  of  the  Verb, 
as  will  be  seen  by  the  Paradigms. 

67.  The  grave  Paradigms  (i.  e.  those  characterized  by  a  Da- 
gesh,) double  the  second  radical,  as  DDip,  and  in  some  Verbs 

both  radicals  are  doubled,  as  72i/D  from  713. 

5.  Defective  ]/  Geminatum,  230. 

68.  The  second  radical  is  frequently  omitted,  and  the  omission 
compensated,   either  by  a  long  vowel   under    the  iormatives 

*  To  this  class,  belong  those  Verbs  whose  second  radical  is  t. 


59 

*ilJDKri>  or  by  a  Dagesh  in  the  first  or  second  radical  when  an 
addition  is  made  to  the  root ;  see  the  Paradigms. 

69.  The  characteristic  Dagesh  is  usually  omitted,  and  instead 
of  it,  the  first  radical  takes  1  as  DDiD  for  D5p. 

6.  Quiescent  J<''^,  NVD. 

70.  After  the  Example  of  ^{^D,  all  Verbs  whose  third  radical 
is  Aleph,  are  conjugated  with  the  following  exceptions. 

Excep.  1.  Sometimes  Aleph  is  omitted,  as  ^^V^ 

Excep.  2.  The  infinitives  often  end  in  HK,  as  MJiC7p. 

Excep.  3.  The  third  per.  sing.  fern,  often  terminates  in  Jl 
instead  of  H,  as  DN*)p  for  HN'^j^. 

Excep.  4.  The  Verb  Hb^J  sometimes  in  the  participle  pas- 
sive changes  N  into  ♦,  as  nb^^  for  N^tJ'l 

7.  Quiescent  .T?,  H7^. 

71.  The  n  is  frequently  changed  into  ♦  or  H,  as  will  be  seen 
by  the  Paradigms. 

Excep.  The  Verbs  HD^,  H^i,  T\f2Pl,  are  regular. 

72.  In  some  Verbs  the  first  and  second  radicals  are  doubled  in 
the  grave  Paradigms,  as  V^^\^. 

73.  The  infinitives  end  generally  in  Hi,  as  Ml7il,  some  with 
Jl,  as  n?},  and  others  in  1,  as  I7JI. 

74.  In  the  Imperative  of  Piail  and  Hithpaail,  both  the  radical 
n  and  the  characteristic  Dagesh  are  often  omitted.  Also  in  the 
future,  the  H  and  Dagesh  are  omitted  when  prefixed  by  "J  conver- 
sivum,  or  the  particle  7J<. 

75.  When  a  Verb  has  ♦,  or  i,  for  the  first  radical,  and  tl  for 
the  last,  it  has  a  twofold  irregularity  ;  and  is  conjugated  in  the  be- 
ginning like  Dr^»  or  \:fy},  and  at  the  end  like  nSf 


"%■%- 


60 


CHAP.  IX. 

I 
Pronominal  Affixes  to  the  Verbs. 

R.  76.  Affixes  to  Verbs  are  the  parts  of  Pronouns  joined  to 
Verbs  active  only,  to  point  out  the  Patient,  i.  e.  the  person  or 
thing  acted  upon,  as  0107,  he  learned  or  taught  me;  but  in  the 
Infinitive  it  may  signify  the  Agent  or  Patient,  as  iNinS^  when 
he  cries ;  1"lDlt5^  /  to  keep  him. 

The  following  are  the  Affixes  used  to  Verbs,  and  the  next  ex- 
ample will  show  the  manner  in  which  they  are  affixed. 


Number. 
Person. 

♦J 

'>). 

'').. 

'^v 

1 

me 

I 

C. 

S.    , 

1 

1J. 

1J 

T 

1|. 

us 

we 

c. 

P. 

r 

T  : 

.1... 

\ 

\ 

thee 

thou 

M. 

S. 

>2 
^3 

'?.. 

n.. 

thee 

thou 

F. 

s. 

°?: 

you 

ye 

M. 

s. 

1?  = 

you 

ye 

F. 

P. 

^ 

1.T 

in 

in. 

nj. 

1 

him 

he 

M. 

s. 
s. 

T  V 

n 

n 

T 

her 

she 

F. 

D. 

0 

T 

D. 

them 

they 

M. 

p. 

* 
1- 

I, 

].. 

them 

they 

F. 

p. 

FEMININE. 


nips  her 

fipi?  ^^^'^ 

nnioj?  her 
[nno'?  them 

nnioS  her 
iniD^  them 
n^nip^  her 

pflip?  them 
nnb^  her 
]np^  them 

rnnnp.'?  ^er 

"pnipS  them 
timD"!  her 
'pnp^  them 


her 


n-J6'7» 

jy'jipr.them 
nnpji'n  her 

nnbS^  her 
j»  them 


JlbSthera 
nnpS  her 
pips  them 
nnoS  her 
them 


n^1"n"!"n"tpS  he 


MASCULINE. 


inyilpj?  him 

lO'DnoS  t'^'^'" 

IHiT'irTlp^  him 
DnTD^  ther 

inri"iriip^  wm 

"  Onip'?  them 

in*n"vri"ip'7  him 

D»r)"ip'7  them 

innbS  him 

Dnp*?  them 
imnipl?  him 
Dinnp'?  them 
in^Jip'?  him 
D^JIOS  then 


IIPS* 


him 


;-ioS' 


Dn'DiPl^lthem 

innbVfi  him 


Dnp'pn  them 

imnpS^.  him 

OnD^^  ther 


Dips  them 
innp9  him 
DnpS  then 

innpS  him 

DnbSthen 


?inTnp'7  him 

DTDI^Sthem 


FEMININE. 


r^lOb  thee 

p"ipj?  you 

tjnip?  thee 

tj'nip.S  ^^^*^ 
p'iilpS  you 

^lioS  thee 
I^npS  3'ou 

^inpS  thee 


T1.'PV. 


thee 
♦  you 


)♦  thee 


D-JpS  IPIPS  y 


thee 
ou 


DDIC 


■  Wm.llH.I.    UfliHTW 

ICULINE. 

"?)"!0S  thee 
jnip'?  thee 

jrno'?  you 


♦rinoS  thee 

^fiiD^  you 

:|n"05  thee 

3n^S  you 


pnD.7  thee 

i1^"]D^  you 

IV  T   :   •  ^ 

DlD^^you 


inpSl  thee 

3nQ^»  you 


;  r\iph  thee 

DDTQ^you 


COM. 

ijnio'?  us 

♦Jjrn'pS  me 

ij'nioS  us 

♦J'niP7  me 

•irrrib^  us 

♦inpS  me 

i^np?  us 

♦:iniP7  me 

i:in"io^  us 


^^j_f2^\  >  me 

inoS:  us 
♦jnbVn  me 


ir"!P7n  us 
ijnoT  us 


*:nD,S  me 

1j-ipS  us 

♦rnp'?    me 

^ynpS  "s 

*:npS  me 

i^hdS  us 


^n.-npS 


n 


npS  he  taught 
niD?  she  taught 

T  :  IT 

iTlO?  thou  taughtest,  in. 

T      J     -     T 

flloS  thou  taughtest,  f. 
ri"]P^  I  taught 

^l^h  they  taught 

Dfl^P?  ye  taught,  m. 
ye  taught,  f. 


1J107   we  taught 


7      C 


S      i 


Ti)27»    he  shall  teach 
«.ii^LL|  ^  »he  shall  teach 

''"(?•(  thou  shall  teach,  m 
IIQ7K    J  shall  teach 


we  shall  teach 
npSri  thou  Shalt  teach,  f. 

llpV  they  shall  teach,  m. 
np7ri     ye  shall  teach,  m. 


*ll0  7  teach  thou,  m. 

np7  teach  thou,  f. 

1*1p7  teach  ye,  m. 
teach  ye,  f. 


iidS  to 


teach 


61,  62. 


-!i^ 


CHAPTER  X. 

ni^P  PARTICLES. 

R.  77.  Under  the  word  particles  is  comprehended  : 

1.  Adverbs,  words  joined  to  verbs  or  adjectives,  explanatory 
of  some  circumstance  or  quality. 

2.  Prepositions,  expressing  the  relations  of  nouns  to  verbs, 
with  respect  either  to  situation,  time,  or  cause  of  motion  or  rest! 

3.  Conjunctions,  joining  words  or  sentences  together. 

4.  Interjections,  expressing  a  sudden  emotion  of  the  mind, 
whether  of  joy,  grief,  or  passion. 

Kote.  That  the  student  may  with  greater  facility  refer  to 
any  of  the  particles,  they  are  here  mixed  and  arranged  alpha- 
betically. 

7!Jk>?  Nevertheless,  but,  yet.  Cqjjj 

nriN  Woe!  oh!     ah!  alas!  Int 

\V  Either.  Adv. 

n^lKJlN*  Woe!  to!  {yc\  oh!  ah!  alas!  Int. 

t^'lf^  Peradventure.  j^jy^ 

dS'i^N?    Verily,  truly.  ^j^] 

DSk    Nevertheless,  notwithstanding.  Conj. 

*rN*  r?;?  Then,  at  that  time.  ^^^ 

HN  Woe!  oh!  ah!  alas!  '        im.  * 

^iriN*  Back,  behind.  ^j^^ 

n^l'llnN*  Backward.  ^^j^] 

VO^  v't^j/    Oh  that!  I  wish  !  Int^  * 

*16J<  "in^V  After,  after  that.  Ad'^ 

*"!l!i^*  "IHN*  After,  liehind.  p     *^ 

p'nnx  After  that,  after  that  time.  y^dv 

^CJN  One.  Adv. 

m  Slowly.  Adv. 

iTN  'Nf  Where  ?  at  what  place.  Adv.' 

♦K  Woe  to  !  {ye  \  j^  * 

T^?  H«--  Adv. 

nj^N  How,  m  what  n^anner,  also,  as.  Adv 

10 


64 

npD'fjt  ^y^!^  How,  in  what  manner,  alas,  as.  Adv. 

y.H  r^  ^^'  "*'*•  ^^^' 

nlfi^N  Where?  Adv. 

tlX  Only,  at  least,  but,  except.  Adv. 

T]K  But,  but  yet.  Conj. 

?*3{<  Truly,  verily.  Adv. 

9k    Not.  Adv. 

^i^   To,  for,  against  it,  in  behalf.  Prep. 
.•^^y*^  j^  Beyond,  over,  against,  on  the  other  side.  Prep. 

"  "-iQ   Perhaps.  Prep. 

*7}<  Towards,  against,  unto.  Prep. 

^hlH    Woe  is  me.  Int. 
DN  If,  whether,  since.                             Adv.  Conj. 
KS  Dl<  If  not,  unless.                                   Adv.  Conj. 

JpN  So  be  it.  Int. 

n^P^  Verily,  truly.  Adv. 

JlpK  Truly,  indeed,  verily.  Adv. 

n^N  [N  Where.  Adv. 

NJN  I  pray,  beseech,  entreat.  Int. 

rjje  Also.  Conj. 

♦3"flN  Much  more,  much  less.  Adv. 

h)i^  Near,  beside.  Prep. 

y^^  That,  because,  since.  Prep. 

■  SlDhk^  Yesterday.  Adv. 

hh)^  Because  of,  for  the  sake  of.  Prep. 

n!3  In,  near  by,  by  reason  of.  Prep. 

'3  I  pray,  beseech,  intreat.  Int. 

'ii'2  Between.  Prep. 

JIO  n*5  Inside,  within.  Adv. 

nD5  As,  in  like  manner.  Adv. 

p3  After  such  manner.  Adv. 

|3i  Then,  not,  before,  hereupon.  Adv. 

hi  No, 


not. 


Adv. 


^Sin  Without.  Prep. 

♦73  Not,  without.  Adv.  Prep. 

♦Hi^Si  Excepting,  beside,  saving.  Adv.  Prep. 


65 

*ri7?  N^*'  besides,  unless,  excepting.  Adv. 

^n%  Without.  Prep. 

10i^3  Because  of,  for  the  sake  of.  Prep. 

*\1Di^5  Because,  for  that.  Conj. 

Dil  Also.  Conj. 

♦p  DJI  Although,  even.  Conj. 

NH  Here!  behold!  Int. 

nnr]  Ha!  ha!   oh!  Int. 

Oijih  Whether,  truly.  Adv. 
Dil   nun  Come  on!   goto!   well!  prepare!         Int. 

thil  Woe!    ah!    as!  Int. 

♦in  Woe  to!  fye!  Int. 

♦in  ♦in  Ho!   hark  ye!  Int. 

Dl*n  To  day,  this  day,  at  this  time.  Adv. 

tl^n  How.  Adv. 

n^Sn  Beyond,  on  the  further  side.  Adv. 

D"l7n  Hither.  Adv. 

niin  [li  Lo,  behold,  observe.  Int. 

njn  Hither,   here.  Adv. 

n!3nn  Much,  many.  Adv. 

kSi  Although.  Conj. 

Vin*   nri*  Together,  i.  e.  united  together.  Adv. 

ntS^ND  As  soon  as.  Adv. 

*)33  Long  ago,  formerly.  Adv. 

n^  So,  even  so,  as.  Adv. 

♦2  Ahhough,  because  for  that.  Conj. 

Dl<   ♦:?  But  if.  Adv. 

DJ<"0  But.  Conj. 

nDD  So,  even  so,  as.  Adv. 

y    T 

D'lDD  1Q5  As,  in  like  manner.  Adv. 

P  So,  thus.  Adv. 

i^S  No,  not.  Adv. 

p"N*S  Not  so.  Conj 

nD?  Only,  excepting.  Adv. 

Y)  Perhaps.  Adv. 

^17  Perhaps,  if.  Conj 


66 

Y)  Pray!  bese^b !  intreat!  Int. 

^)h  O  that !  I  wish !  Int. 

KpiS  Not,  unless,  but,  that.  Conj. 

p7  Therefore.  Conj. 

nSv  Why,  wherefore.  Adv. 

R*p7  Because  of,  for  the  sake  of  Prep. 

jl^D  7  Because,  for  that,  Conj. 

^^Q^  Before.  Prep. 

0*^37  Before,  formerly.  Adv. 

llXb  Very  much,  greatly,  earnestly.  Adv. 

rXp  From  whence.  Adv. 

n^3p  M^?P  From  inside.  Adv. 

^S?Q  Without  me  Prep. 

^)'1D  Why,  wherefore.  Adv. 

^1P  Thenceforth,  thereupon.  Prep, 

rfinp  ^nb  Hastily,  quickly,  swiftly.  Adv. 

710  Against,  over  against.  Prep. 

1^1  HD  From  without.  Adv. 

ITinO  ini2  To-morrow.  Adv. 

^^jri^^'P  Othat!    1  wish.  Adv. 

ntSO  Bottom,  below.  Adv. 

1^70  Excepting,  beside,  saving.  Prep. 

riD07P  From  below.  Adv. 

t^h^.diD  From  above.  Adv. 
hf^Vy^  Nigh  by,  near  to,  towards,  over  against.  Prep. 

D'i3£)70  Heretofore,  formerly.  Adv. 

^100  Against,  over  against.  Prep. 

Jl'inOP  On  the  morrow.  Adv. 

♦iS  t^  From,  out  of,  by,  of.  Prep. 

:  ■  *^5i^P  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^'  ^^^^  against.  Prep. 

103; p  Less,  a  little.  Adv. 

pi^P  C3VP  By  little  and  little,  by  degrees.  Adv. 

Tn^_J2  hilO  Above.  Adv. 

Ifib  lisp  From  hence,  from  here.  Adv. 

I  ♦JQD  Because  of,  for  the  sake  of.  Prep. 

V      DlpD  I»  time  past,  a  good  while  ago,  anciently.  Adv. 


67 

DIS^P  From  thence.  Adv. 

♦no  When.  Adv. 

-     T 

ii^  I  pray!   beseech!  entreat'  Int 

*7JJ  Before,  opposite.  Prep. 

(IpJ  Against,  opposite.  Prep. 

nVJ  Eternal,  for  ever.  Adv. 

D*5D  Round  about.  Prep. 

15^  Over,  past,  beside.  Prep. 

Jn^'I^I^  '^  Hebrew  woman.  Adv. 

I^l  Unto,  up  to,  even  to.  Prep. 

DN'iy  Until.  Adv. 

]^"1]^  Till,  when.  Adv. 

n^r?""!!*  Ihus  far,  to  this  time.  Adv. 

"0""ir  TJiitil  that.  Adv. 

?D'"11/  Tlius  far,  to  this  time  Prep. 

'nD""!r  nO""^i/  How  long.  Adv. 

*"1^'   Unto,  up  to,    even  to.  Prep. 

"Tli?  As  yet,  hitherto.  Adv. 
0711^  Always,  for  a  continuance,  perpetually.  Adv. 

^7^  p^  Over  head,  above,  upon,  near.  Prep. 

^'2}^'^]^  On  the  side,  over  against.  Prep. 

[p-Sj;  Therefore.  Conj. 
^IXDI^  Dl^  With,  together,  in  conjunction  with.       Prep. 
n^V  Nigh  by,  near  to,  towards,  over  against.  Prep. 

iir\^  At  present.  Adv. 

^pV  Because,  for  that.  Conj. 

13   rtfl  Here.  Adv. 

[5  Least.  Adv. 

D^iii  Before,  heretofore,  formerly.  Adv. 
DlNHp  Suddenly,  unlooked  for,  on  a  sudden.     Adv. 

D"ip  In  time  past,  a  good  while  ago.  Adv. 

2"^  Much,  many.  Adv. 
i^jl")  Momentary,  in  an  instant,  suddenly.       Adv. 

Op^"}  Emptily,  foolishly.  Adv. 

ii)l*^  Vainly,  in  vain.  Adv. 

f)^\i;'^^y  Third.  Adv. 


08 

D1tt*'St£^  The  day  before  yesterday. 
nSty  bii^  There,  thither. 
'  ^nOC^  Second. 

nnn  under,  underneath,  instead  of. 
SlOn  Yesterday. 
l^DH  Always,  continually. 

•      T 


Adv. 
Adv. 
Adv. 
Adv. 
Adv. 
Adv. 


R.  78.  From  the  preceding  particles,  the  following  have  pro- 
nominal  Affixes. 


PEB. 

1     Com. 

(Mas. 

^  J  Fern. 

jMas. 
I  Fern. 

1     Com. 

!Mas. 
Fern. 

(Mas. 
^  JFem. 

1     Com. 

SMas, 
Fern. 
(  Mas. 
^  ^Fem. 

1      Com. 

SMas. 
Fem. 

(Mas. 
^  ^Fem. 


1  yVt  not. 

SING. 

t^yjjt  not  I. 

nyK  not  thou. 

TirNI  not  thou. 

^^yiji  not  he. 

tliyi^  not  she. 

T  V 

2   II^D  like  us. 


inioD  1 
niDD  1 


ike  me. 

ike  thee, 
ike  thee. 

ike  him. 
ike  her. 

3   l^JI  before  me. 
n^i   before  me. 
^ly),   before  thee. 
Tjiii   before  thee. 
llJl.^   before  him. 
iTlii   before  her. 

4   DV  with. 
♦)5);   with  me. 
"TlfS]^  with  thee. 
rtfty^   with  thee, 

ISV  with  him. 
T\f2]^  with  her. 


PLUllAL. 

^^y^  not  us. 

DD^K  not  ye. 

pr{<  not  ye. 

DyjSI  not  them. 

|i^N  not  them. 

n:lD3   likens. 

T 

DDIOD  like  you. 

ji'i'^?   like  you. 
DHiO?   like  her. 

inlDD   like  them. 

liljl^  before  us. 
DD^I^.?   before  you 

pn.JlJ    before  you. 
Dnn^;j  before  them; 

Tiinilj  before  them. 

^^fl^V   with  us. 

T 

DD^V   with  you. 

D't?y  with  them. 
|Q4^  with  them. 


69 


CHAPTER  XL— Servile  Letters 

'  R.  79.  The  Hebrew  letters  are  divided  into  Radicals  and 
Serviles.  The  following  eleven  ^pV^l^DtOnn^  are  always 
radicals ;  but  those,  usually  called  2/^)  Ht^XD  jH^N  may  be 
radicals  or  serviles,  but  the  letters  JJ'^/N  in  the  middle  and 
end  of  a  word  are  always  radicals.  The  servile  letters  are 
used  in  the  following  manner. 

R.  80.  K  is  one  of  the  heemantiv  letters,  and  is  used  1st.  to 
form  nouns  from  vei'bs,  and  which  are  called  verbal  or  hee- 
mantiv nouns ;  2nd.  to  form  the  first  person  singular  Com.  in 
the  future  tense. 

R.  81.  D  is  used,  1st,  as  an  inseperable  preposition  in,  pre- 
fixed to  nouns  to  denote  the  ablative  case,  as  r*lN3  in  the 
earth  ;  2d,  it  is  prefixed  to  the  infinitive  to  form  the  Gerund, 
as  1lJ3  73  in  learning. 

R.  82.  n  is  one  of  the  heemantivs,  and  is  used  1st,  in  the 
formation  of  nouns ;  2nd,  as  the  definite  article ;  3rd,  it  is  pre- 
fixed to  the  participle  as  a  relative  pronoun,  as  Ipi^H  he  who 
is  learning  ;  4th,  to  particles  as  an  interrogative,  as  ti7r\  is  it 
not  .'*  5th,  It  is  suffixed  to  denote  the  feminine  Gender ;  6th, 
it  is  added  to  nouns  and  verbs  as  a  paragogic  letter ;  7th,  it  is 
affixed  to  nouns  in  the  dative  instead  of  the  prefix  7,  as  nV*^^( 
for  riN  7  ;  8th,  it  is  also  added  to  nouns,  with  or  without  a 
maphpik ;  9th,  it  is  prefixed  to  verbs  as  a  performant  in  the  in- 
finitive of  Niphal,  and  as  a  characteristic  in  Hiphil,  Hophal, 
and  Hithpaail ;  Lastly,  it  is  suffixed  to  the  preterite  in  the  third 
person  singular  feminine. 

R.  83.  1  is  used  1st,  as  an  Heemantiv  to  form  nouns  ;  2d,  it 
is  prefixed  to  nouns  and  verbs  as  a  conjunction  copulative,  dis- 
junctive adversative,  casual  or  conversive  ;  3d,  it  is  suffixed  as 
an  inseparable  pronoun  to  nouns  and  to  verbs. 

R.  84.  ♦  is  used  1st,  as  one  of  the  Heemantivs;  2d,  it  is  af- 
fixed  to  nouns  as  the  first  person  common  of  the  possessive  pro 


70 

noun  singular  and  plural ;  3d,  it  is  used  to  form  the  ordinal 
numerals  from  the  cardinals,  as  ^7'^*  three,  from  ''l^wiy  the 
third  ;  4th,  to  form  a  national  noun,  as  n)»Q  an  Egyptian  ; 
Sth,  to  denote  the  singular  and  plural  regimen  ;  6th,  it  is  used 
in  the  verb  as  a  prefix  to  denote  the  third  person  masculine  in 
the  future,  and  suffixed  to  denote  the  second  person  feminine 
future  and  imperative ;  7th,  it  is  also  used  as  a  pronominal  af- 
fix, as  ^J1p£D  he  visited  me. 

R.  85.  D  is  prefixed,  1st,  to  nouns  and  pronouns  to  form  a 
comparison,  as  li^IDD  "Hl^?'  ^^^^^  ^^'^  ^^^^^  Pharaoh  ;  2d,  to 
form  the  Gerund,  as  ilQ/D  when  learning ;  3d,  it  is  suffixed 
to  nouus  and  verbs  to  denote  the  second  person  singular  and 
plural  masculine  and  feminine. 

R.  86.  7  is  prefixed  1st,  to  nouns  to  point  out  the  cases  j 
2d,  to  the  infinitive  to  form  the  Gerund. 

R.  87.  D  is  one  of  the  hetmantiv  letters  to  form  nouns.  It 
is  prefixed  to  nouns:  1st,  to  denote  the  ablative  case;  2d,  to 
make  the  comparative.  To  verbs  it  is  prefixed  to  denote  the 
participle  PLail,  Pual,  Hiphil,  Hophal,  and  Hithpaail,  and  to  the 
infinitive  to  form  the  Gerund.  It  is  sufiixed  to  nouns  to  form 
the  plural  masculine  and  the  dual  common,  and  also  to  form 
adverbs:  as  from  jpj<  is  formed  DJDK  truly;  and  as  the  se- 
cond and  third  person  pronoun  plural  masculine.  To  pronouns 
to  denote  the  second  and  third  qerson  plural  masculine,  and  to 
verbs  to  denote  the  second  person  plural  masculine  preterite. 

R.  88.  ^  is  likewise  used  as  an  heemantiv  letter.  It  is  pre- 
fixed to  verbs  to  denote  the  second  and  thiixl  person  future 
plural,  and  also  as  the  characteristic  of  JNiphal.  It  is  affixed  to 
nouns  to  denote  the  second  and  third  person  pronoun  plural  fe- 
minine, to  nouns  and  verbs  before  the  pronominal  )  affix  to  the 
first  person  plural.  It  is  suffixed  to  verbs  to  denote  the  second 
person  plural  feminine  preterite,  the  second  person  feminine  im- 
perative, the  second  and  third  person  plural  feminine  future 
also  as  a  pronominal  affix  to  the  verb,  as  OID^  teach  me.  It 
is  used  to  form  the  second  and  third  person  pronoun  feraininei 


71 

R.  89.   '^'  is  prefixed  instead  of  the  pronoun  "^^^  and  siff- 
ni/ies  who,  or  which.  ''  " 

R.  90.  n  is  used  as  an  heemantiv  letter.  When  suffixed  to 
nouns  it  denotes;  1st,  the  feminine  gender ;  2d,  it  makes  the 
regimen  feminine ;  3d,  it  forms  the  feminine  plural.  To  verbs 
it  is  prefixed  in  the  future  to  denote  the  second  person  mascu- 
hne  and  feminine  singular  and  plural,  and  the  third  person  sin- 
gular and  plural  feminine,  and  as  the  characteristic  of  Hithpa- 
ail.  And  it  is  suffixed  in  the  preterite  to  denote  the  second 
person  singular  and  plural  masculine  and  feminine. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Ruhs  for  finding  out  the  root  of  every  word. 

R.  91.  If  after  the  rejection  of  the  serviles,  if  there  be  any 
there  should  remain  four  letters  which  will  rarelj  be  the  case' 
these  are  the  radicals,  as  nilD^JI  and  desolate. 

R.  92.  If  three  letters  remain,  they  are  the  radicals;  as 
*^1Pf  ^*  I  ^  ill  remember  thee,  ^<  is  the  sign  of  the  first  person 
singular  future,  I  will ;  the  second  2  is  the  pronominal  affix  se- 
cond person  singular  feminine,  thee  ;  and  the  »  is  a  paragogic 
letter ;  the  remaining  letters  ^^Jf  are  the  radicals. 

R.  93.  Should  there  be  only  two  letters  remaining  : 

1.  If  the  first  has  a  dagesh  prefix,  either  a  J,  as  tJ^J]  from 
the  root  ^^  ;  or  a  •,,  ss  lY  from  the  root  n^»;  and 'in  one 
instance  prefix  a  ^,   as  HP  from  HpS. 

2.  If  the  second  hath  a  dagesh,  double  the  dageshed  letter  • 
as  )2D  from  :jpp  ;  in  some  instances  insert  a  J  between  the 
two  radicals,  as  H^r?  from  D^H. 

3.  If  neither  of  the  letters  has\  dagesh,  insert  a  1,  as  nOD 
from  Dip.  If  a  )  precedes  the  two  radicals,  change  it 'into 
S  as  rnin  from  i^T;  and  if  a  »  succeed  the  two  radicals 
add  a  H,  as  ♦7Jin  from  til}. 

■    :     ■  T  T 

11 


72 


R.  94.  If  one  radical  letter  only  remains,  prefix  a  1  or  ♦  and 
add  a  H,  as  0*1  from  HDJ ;  nnln?  from  n"V. 

J^ote, Some  exceptions  might  be  added  to  the  above  rules, 

but  these,  and  all  other  difficulties  respecting  the  roots,  the 
student  will  be  master  of  before  he  has  examined  many  chap- 
ters in  the  Bible. 


CHAPTER  XIII. —  Changes  of  Letters  and  Points. 

R.  95.  The  letters  nHX,  and  those  of  the  same  organ,  &c. 
frequently  change  with  each  other. 

To  prevent  the  increase  of  syllables,  when  the  word  increase* 
in  letters,  the  long  vowels  are  generally  changed  into  short 
ones.  The  occasion  on  which  words  increase  in  letters  are, 
Gender,  Affixes,  Numbers,  or  Regimen. 

R.  96.    Gender. 

1.  When  the  feminine  gender  is  formed  from  the  masculine, 
the  (^  )  is  generally  changed  into  {■),  as  hSIIJI  from  7ll^, 
except  nouns  of  one  syllable,  as  H^'l  from  y% 

2.  When  the  last  vowel  is  (  '  )  and  not  preceded  by  ( "^ )  it  is 
changed  into  {'  ),  as  r[y\V  from  '^)];^,  but  IDD  makes  11*153, 
and  when  the  word  increases  with  n  the  ( "  )  is  changed  into 

(■••),  asnnnj^  from-ins*. 

3.  When  the  vowels  are  two  Segols,  the  first  changes  to  ( "  } 
or  ( •  )  and  the  second  to  (  ^ ),  as  Htt'^D  from  b'lO. 

R.  97.  Number. 

1.  In  forming  the  plural,  1,  the  first  vowel  ("^  )  ("  )  or  (••  ) 
is  changed  into  {■),  as  D^^lD"!  ^^'^^  "^^"1'  D^??  from  "liDD, 
^'>y^f2  from  tl7D  ;  but  to  compensate  for  an  omitted  dagesh, 
the  {^)  remains,"  as  D^^'lH  from  L^'lH. 

2.  If  the  first  vowel  be  ( 1 )  and  followed  by  ( •  )  it  is  chang- 
ed to  ( =  >,  as  D'VPp  ^'''^"^  r?P  '  ^  vi^P  ^'■om  7^3 ;  but 
if  the  first  letter  be  a  guttural,  it  has  a  {■'■■),  as  O^01tl  from 

3.  If  the  first  vowel  be  (" )  and  followed  by  ( ' ),  the  (- ) 


73 

Is  changed  to  (  = )  and  the  ( ' )  into  ( '  )  or  both  are  contraeted 
into  one  (" ),  as  O^l^in  from  tT'n  ;  D^nt  from  nU- 

4.  If  the  latter  be  ( " )  and  not  preceded  by  ( ^ )  it  is  changed 
into  (=  )>  as  D'p^ItT  from  D^pltT'. 

5.  If  the  latter  vowel  be  (  •' )  and  succeeded  by  a  quiescent 
n,  the  n  is  dropt  and  the  (•)  changed  into  ( '  ),  as  D'£3* 
from  nfl^ 

V  T 

JVote. — Feminine  nouns  do  not  often  change  their  points,  but 
when  they  do,  it  is  generally  according  to  the  foregoing  rules. 
R.  98.   Regimen. 

1.  The  first  vowel  both  in  masculine  and  feminine  singular 
and  plural,  is  changed  to  (  =  )  ;  and  the  other  ( "^ ),  if  not  fol- 
lowed by  a  quiescent  X,  is  changed  into  ( "  ),  as  *^^1  for  "^^1. 

2.  In  the  plural  masculine  and  feminine  (  • )  is  changed  to 
(  =  )  and  the  preceding  (  =  )  to  ( •  ),  as  ^Jpr  for  Q'Jpi  J  Hill^i 

for  ninnf  .  ■ 

3.  If  the  last  be  ( "  )  and  followed  by  tl  quiescent,  it  is  chang- 
ed into  (  • ),  as  r]!lpf2  for  HJpP  ;  and  in  plural,  if  there  be 
two  ( ••  )  the  first  is  changed  to  (  "  )  or  ( '  )  and  the  second  to  (  = ), 
as  'D70  for  tj'^P  ;  and  if  the  word  has  (  •• )  and  ( "  ),  the  (•  ) 
is  changed  into  ( •  ),  as  pSD  for  150,  except  gutturals,  which 
change  the  ( •  )  into  (  •■ )  and  the  (  •• )  into  {■  ),  as  ^^^^j^  for 

4.  Those  words  which  have  ( *  )  and  ( -  )  contract  both  into 

(■•).  as  n^5  forn^5. 

5.  Words  of  one  syllable  with  ( -^ )  seldom  change,  but  when 
they  do,  it  is  to  (  " ),  as  D{^  for  :}}<.  If  the  word  be  followed 
by  makkaph,  (  1 )  is  changed  to  Kametz-chataph  and  ( "  )  to 
(•••),  as-S^for'^D;  "ll  for  J3. 

R.  99.  Afiixes  to  Nouns. 

1.  Two  ( -^ )  change  like  *^2X     See  Rule  40. 

2.  (  - )  and  ( •• )  change  ('  )  into  (  = ),  as  V^pf  for  fpj. 

3.  ( ••• )  and  ( ^  )  generally  change  ( -  )  into  ( ]  ),as  »rilO  from 

V  T 

4.  Those  pointed  with  ( t  )  or  ( • )  and  ( ■'),  change  the  C'  ) 
into  (  = ),  as  Hli?  from  1)^^;  ]yt:  from  ytj 


74 

5.  ( "f )  and  ( " )  chauge  the  latter  into  (  '  ),  as  O^  r  fro"* 

T    •• 

6.  Two  (  •■ )  or  ( •■ )  and  (  " )  change  the  first  (  •■ )  or  (  " )  in 
the  singular  into  (  * ),  and  the  second  into  {•  ),  as  IDD^  from 
t]pjl ;  but  in  the  plural  they  are  changed  like  two  ("^ ).  See 
^il,  Rule  40. 

7.  ( ••)  and  ( 1 )  change  (1)  into  {^),  as  Vp^^V  from  piV. 

8.  ( •■ )  and  ( 1 )  change  ( 1 )  to  Kametz-chataph,  and  the  (  •*) 
to  ( =  ),  as  ♦^in  from  t^^-jn. 

9.  ( * )  and  (  " )  contract  both   to  one  (  " ),  as  *J7*3  from 


CHAPTER  XlV.—JVumerals. 

R.  100.  Numbers  are  expressed  by  distinct  words  as  well 
as  by  letters,  and  are  either  Cardinals  or  Ordinals. 


ORDINALS. 

CARDINALS. 

Fern. 

Mas. 

Fem. 

Mas. 

niic'isn 

pL^'Xn 

First. 

T]m 

-inkV    One. 

^T)'yd 

0^ 

Second. 

nrnp 

D.;:^'  Two. 

r^'pn^ 

»tr>'?P'' 

Third. 

^biy 

r^p^P   Three. 

n»i;oi 

^V'^il 

Fourth. 

^■J1^{ 

nr^lN   Four. 

ilT''PI-T 

''P^pn 

Fifth. 

J^'pn 

nVpn  Five. 

ry>p\:; 

^\^f^ 

Sixth. 

^^ 

r\fp  Six. 

n»r^a^' 

''T^P 

Seventh. 

v^'^ 

nVy^  Seven. 

n^mif 

♦rpir' 

Eighth. 

njDp^' 

r\}m  Eight. 

T\'V'^n 

»r^:^'n 

Ninth. 

vpn 

nrcrri  Nine. 

Jin^ij'i; 

^^'pi. 

Tenth. 

^"kv. 

^\m.i^ 

nb^r: 


Ten. 


R.  101.  From  Ten  upwards,  there  is  no  difference  between 
the  Ordinals  and  Cardinals. 


75 

'r]pt^')  D^yn?/  Eighty-eight.  ^jj^i;  ^f,^.. 

rt^^ni   D'lTn   Ninty-nine.  n^j^r  ntH^lr^r 

HND   One  hundred.  n^i^'J;^rl^|  \ 

D.^n^p   Two  hundred.  H^h^' yy^  ) 
m{<P  tr^p^   Three  hundred,  mb^i;  Dgp^  ^Twelve 

Ji;?^^  One  thousand.  Hnb^y  jr^Scj;'  Thirteen. 

D^5S^J  nJ^^  Tr'T"    ^-^^^  °"^^^  T.enty-twa. 
^^^^.^.^^  ^^ri  O't^^t:^  Thirty-three. 

nrii^lV  .       ^'POl  O^P^^n   Fifty-five. 

flS^*  n.^S-  ^r*^  '^"''-     ^■^■^-  °''^'^'  Sixty-six.. 
^^^  a^^bt^  Thmy  thous.  l^^^-io^r^:,-  Seventy-seven. 


—«»»«*.- 


CHAPTER  XV. 

Synta.,  or  the  construction  of  u,ords  in  sentence,. 

Pimn  njrt  ri'art.  "''»"g'"e  ">  Ae  same  nou„„  as 

p.-e'^-xeX^ro'i'::';;:" '  v-  r^^  ""-^  '^''==''  - 

suceeea./,eUef;ec:ivral:^^r;,V:^^^^ 

*)5"l/:Dn3.  '^1^^  instead  of 

and  case,  exeep.  n^^s  „'f  d^n      l^^.^^j'^lVr'^r' 
hand  of  „,y  servant  David  ;  -f^pi,  Oryi^^      ^      '  "" 

R.  105.  If  the  first  noun  be  orpfivfri  k„  "    •  . 

.be  second  noun  has  .he  sa.e!  f  ^^^g.^^-P"-!;"  "'  ?-"■'. 

B.  106.  When  two  things  are  compared  with  e'ach  other,  th. 


76 

D  comparison  is  prefixed  to  the  second  as  well  as  to  the  first 
noun,  as  TIDIED  ^^V-^' 

R.  107.  Adjectives,  pronouns,  and  participles  are  placed  im- 
mediately after  the  noun,  and  generally  agree  with  it  in  gender, 
number,  and  case.  But  nouns  of  the  common  gender  have  ad- 
jectives ofboth  genders,  as  pUl)  n7njl  fl)"!',  and  a  collective 
noun  singular  may  have  a  plural  adjective,  as  DO  71 11 H  DJ^ 
a  people  walking. 

R.  108.  A  singular  adjective  joined  to  a  substantive  plural, 
often  signifies  distributively,  as  '7\''^Q^f2  "Ity^  thy  judgments 
(Heb.  is)  are  right,  i.  e.  every  one  of  them. 

R.  109.  Numeral  nouns,  from  1  to  10  inclusive,  are  plural,, 
though  the  adjective  be  singular,  all  the  other  numeral  adjec- 
tives are  plural  and  the  substantive  singular,  as  D^^C^  SJ^pH 
iive  years;  HJC^'  D'^PH  fifty  years, 

R.  110.  In  numbers  from  3  to  10  inclusive,  a  masculine 
noun  takes  a  feminine  numeral,  and  a  feminine  noun  takes  a 
masculine  numeral,  as  DU^  11^7^  three  sons:  niJ2  ti^V?^ 

•    T  T  :  '  T  T 

three  daughters. 

R.  111.  An  adjective  belonging  to  a  noun  in  regimen  gene- 
rally agrees  with  the  second  noun,  and  is  not  put  in  regimen^ 

R,  112.  The  place  of  an  adjective  is  sometimes  supplied  by 
a  noun,  prefixed  by  the  preposition  D,  7,  or  D,  as  t^Jt^l** 
7D£^0  a  wise  counsellor  ;  n"lln*7  *^lDtp  a  Psalm  of  praise  j 
*ji^!P  nnjSI,  a  lion  from  the  forest,  i.  e.  a  wild  lion. 

R.  113.  The  inseparable  pronoun  is  suffixed  to  the  adjective 
instead  of  the  noun,  as  ^JJ'lD  1''^  thy  holy  city,  instead  of 

R.  114.  A  verb  agrees  with  the  nominative  case  in  gender, 
number,  and  person.  But  sometimes  a  masculine  verb  is  joined 
with  a  noun  feminine  to  express  excellence  and  dignity,  as 
n"ll^in  n^'^1,  and  vice  versa,  to  denote  something  base  and 

mean,"asnbVin  m^iTV. 


7T 


i 
R.  115.  A  plural  verb  to  a  singular  nominative  case,  or  vice 

versa,  signifies  distributively,   as   iTlJPl^pN  IvSoj   sweet  are 

thy  words,  i.  e.  every  one  of  thy  words. 

R.  116.  The  preter  tense  is  often  used  to  express  the  present 
i.  e.  to  be  done  at  any  time,  as  T]7n  walketh,  Ps.  i.  1  ;  and 
for  the  future  to  denote  certainty,  as  Ihf^  shall  see,  Is.  ix.  1, 
5 ;  liii.  4, 6 ;  Amos  vii.  1,  viii.  1.    See  Abarbanel  on  Jonah  ii.  5. 

R.  117.  The  future  is  often  used  to  denote  the  past,  as  Gen. 
ii.  25;  and  to  express  the  sense  of  the  imperative,  as  Gen.  i.  3. 

JVofe. — A  1  prefixed  to  a  praeterite  changes  the  signification 
to  the  future,  and  is  called  ")  conversivum,  as  *10J<1;  and 
he  shall  or  will  say ;  but  when  preceded  by  a  preter  tense,  it 
then  retains  its  signification,  and  1  is  conjunctive,  as  Gen. 
xxxvii,  3  ;  *'  Israel  IDHX  loved  Joseph  more  than  all  his  chilr 
dern ;  T^t^V)  and  he  made  him  a  coat  of  many  colours." 

A  1  prefixed  to  a  future  with  Pathach  and  followed  by  Da- 
gesh,  is  also  called  conversivum,  and  changes  the  signification 
to  the  past,  as  "lOi^^l,  and  he  did  say. 

R.  118.  An  infinitive  before  a  verb  signifies  certainty,  as 
7?Nri  7bX  thou  mayest /ree/y  eat ;  but  after  a  verb  it  sig- 
nifies continuance,  as  CDlflK^'  Co'SLTn  and  he  will  always  be  a 
judge 


19 


ACCORDING 

TO  THE  PRECEDING  RULES 

J^oie, — ^The  student  will  find  it  of  considerable  use  to  observe 
the  order  exemplified  in  the  following  Analysis. 

First  of  all  mention  the  part  of  speech. 

If  a  noun,  state  its  gender  and  number  ;  (case  is  of  little  im- 
portance,) the  root  from  whence  it  is  derived,  whether  it  be 
from  a  regular  or  irregular  verb ;  what  connection  it  hath  with 
the  verb,  whether  it  be  the  nominati^'<>  to  it,  or  governed  by 
it  5  describe  the  serviles,  if  any,  whether  prefix,  affix,  or  in- 
sertion. 

If  a  verb,  mention  its  person,  number,  gender,  tense,  para- 
digm and  root,  whether  regular  or  irregular. 

JVo.  Text.         Root.      JVb.  Gen.  chap.  i.  ».  1. 

1  M^tJ'N*}!!!    ti'N*!     1     In  the  beginning,  noun  fem.  sing.  R. 

tJ^N")  with  pret.  3  pref.  in,  and  fem. 
ter.  n*,  abl.  case. 

2  iil^     ii'^'2     2     He  created,  third  pers.  sing.  mas. 

JT  T  TT  '  L 

pret.  kal ;  the  Root  itself,  {<"7,  to 
create,  bring  into  being. 

8  D♦^iS^i  hSk  3  Gorf,  orgods.nounmas.pl.R.nSi^- 
ii"Q  and  r\"7,  he  was  sworn,  abju- 
red, reviled,  cursed,  bound  himself 
or  another  by  an  oaih  with  an  im- 
precation annexed. 

4  nN  iltMi    4    j1  particle,  the  sign  of  the  ace.  when 

preceded  by  an  active  verb,  but  the 
nom.  when  preceded  by  a  passive  or 


79 

JMb  Text.  Root.     M.  Gen.  chap.  I  v.  1,  9. 

Deut.     R.  nriN.  t^'Q  and  ,tS.  he 
or  it  came,  or  befel. 

5  D.^DtS^n     D1^     5     TAe  heavens,  n.  mas.  pi.  dual  form, 

wiih  the  article  H,  R.  Dltt^'?  Y]^t  he 
put,  set,  placed,  laid  upon,  gave,  ap- 
pointed, settled,  ordained,  imputed 
set  in  array,  put  on,  attended. 

6  flKI         4    —    Jlnd,  a  part.  See  no.  4.  with  conj. ), 

7  p,!!jH    pJ<     6     ^^«  ««'"^^'  n-  com.  sing.  R.  p>e, 

{^''fl,  not  in  use,  with  article  H)  ('') 
instead  of  ( ' ),  because  of  K. 

Verse  2.  ' 

8  r'lNn')         6     —    And  the  earth.  See  text  7;  conj.  1. 

9  nrrn     ^^'^     7     Was,  third  per.  fem.  sinff.  pret.  kal ; 

;t  :|T  TT  '  . 

R.   rrn,   he  ^as,  became,  famted, 

T     T 

sunk,  was  exhausted. 

10  inn    T\rtn     S     Empty,  or  emptiness,  adj.  or  n.  R. 

nnn,  not  in  use. 

11  inbl     tin^     9     Confused,   confusion,  adj.  or  n.  R. 

T 

nn^,  not  in  use. 

12  nC^tT)    T|12^I1    10    ^7irfc?fir^nm,n.  mas.  sing.  R.  t]*^"rT^ 

he  was  dark,  made  dark;  coni.  "). 

13  'hi/      ^h]?    11     Upon,  particle,  R.   ,1^;;    H"?,   he 

ascented,  went  up,  arose,  grew, 
made  to  go  up,  offered,  lighted, 
kindled,  sacrificed,  exalted  himself. 

14  t^Q       nJ3    12    The  face,  n.  mas.  pi.  reg.  R.   Hllfl 

n"^5  he  turned  himself,  turned  away, 
turned  hither  and  thiiherj  looked  to- 
wards, regarded,  prepared. 
hSnn  V^nri?    _    The  abyss,    or  deep,  .n.   com.  sing. 

raged,   roared,  made  a  great  noise, 
■^2         moved,  disturbed,  agitated. 


60 


Ab.  Text. 

16      nni 


Root. 


14 


17  DflnnD 

V  ^v    -  : 


18       D*on 


JVo.  Gen.  c^/;.  i.  r.  2,  3,  4. 

And  the  Spirit,  n.  com.  sing.  reg.  R. 

np»  V'i^,  he  breathed,  was  refresh- 
ed, was  large,  or  airy. 
t^\^\1    15    Gently  moving,  participle  ben.  piail, 
fern.  sing.  R.   fini,   he  trembled, 
moved  gently,  brooded. 
^  D*0  ?  1  f^    The  waters,  collective  n.  dual  form, 
I      D> )         art.  n.   R>  not  in  use. 

Veuse  3. 

19  "ipi^*!    *lOf<    17    w3nd  ^e  sai(?,  third  per.  mas.  sing.  fut. 

kal.  R.  *^l2Hf  ^"3,  he  spoke,  said, 
declared,  related,  commanded,  ap- 
pointed, thought,  designed,  resolved; 
1  conversive,  changing  the  future  to 
he  past. 

20  *n*       1       —     Let  there  be,  or  it  shall  be,  third  per. 

sing.  com.  fut.  kal.  R.  n\1.  See  R.7. 

21  nljjt      nit<    18    Light,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.^^)^  N*fl, 

and  Y^,  he  shined. 

22  ♦ri^l       7       —    Audit  xoas,  text.  20,  R.  7,  1  conver- 

sive. Dagesh  in  ♦  omitted  and  com- 
pensated by  metheg. 
Verse  4. 

23  ^y'X    '"^^"^    ^^    ^nd /le  sat«,  third  per.  sing.  mas.  fut. 

kal.  R.  HNl.  iT'S,  he  saw,  beheld, 

T     T  ' 

observed,  considered,  appeared, 
showed ;  it  should  be  HK")*,  but 
the  n  is  dropped  by  reason  of  the 
accent,  and  the(  • ) changed  into  (  ") 

*  to  increase  the  sound  before  the  gut 

■).    1  is  conversive. 

U  '  "O    nnD    20    That,  particle,  R.  nriD.  T^'h,  he 

became  dull,  was  dimsighted,  fainted, 
repressed,  curbed. 


81 

Mt.^  Text.       Root.    Ab.  Gen.  chap.  i.  v.  4, 6. 

85  :iiD      ilD    21     Good,  adj.  agreeing  with  *)1K.  R. 

DTL3  Vl^,  he  was  good,  goodly, 
beautiful,  pleasant,  did  good. 

26  z'^?*''      /*13    22    And  he  divided,  third  per.  sing.  mas. 

fut.  hiph.  (  •■ )  instead  of  (  *  )  on  ac- 
count of  T  conv.  R.  7"13,  he  sepa- 
rated, divided,  selected,  made  a  dis- 
tinction between. 

27  ]»3       [13    23    Between,  particle.   R.  p^,  Y];,  he 

perceived,  observed,  weighed,  consi- 
dered, distinguished,  judged,  under- 
stood, taught,  instructed. 


Vekse  5. 


28     Nnn 


p*"J    i^'^p    24   .^ncZ  Ae  called,  third  per.  sing.  mas. 
fut.  kal.  R.  Nnp.  N"S,  he  called,  in- 


vited, called  together,  invoked,  called 
upon,  cried,  proclaimed,  preached, 
read,  met,  befel. 

29  Sli<S       18      -—    To  the  light.   See  text  21.  R.  18.  S 

T  ,  ▼ 

prep,  to,  ( "f )  instead  of  (  =  )  exclud- 
ing n  art.  and  being  followed  by  H. 

30  pi*       DV    25    Day,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  DV,  notin  us«. 

31  TltJTl/l       10     —     •^^^  ^0  the  darkness,  n.    See  text  12, 

R.  10.  1  conj.  and  7  prep,  excluding 
n  art. 

32  Kip       24    —    Hie  called,  third  per.  sing.  mas.  pret. 

kal.  See  text  28,  R.  24. 

33  nS*S       VS    26    JVight,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  7»7,  not  in 

use,  with  n  paragogic. 

34  S*!iy.    !3'!}i^    27    Evening,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  2*^^,  he 

mixed,  was  employed,  traded,  be- 
came surety,  pawned,  mortgaged, 
was  sweet,  pleasant^  was  darkened 


82 

JVb.  Text.         Root.    JVb.  Gen.  chap.  i.  v.  5—8. 

96  *1p3     *1p3    28    Morning,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  he  sougli^ 

inquired. 

36  IHK      "TH*    29    One,  first,  numeral  adj.  sing.  mas.  R. 

in*,  he  connected,  united. 

Verse  6. 

37  i^*p*^     Vp'^    30    Firmament,  or  expanse,  n.  mas.  sing. 

R.  _3/ni,  he  stretched  out,  spread 
abroad,  beat  out,   crushed. 

38  n^^*?     T'^'^    ^^    ^^^  ^^^  midst,  between,  n.  mas.  sing. 

R.  *]iri,  not  in  use,  with  prep.  *],  in. 

39  7^1^f2       22     —     A  dividing,  or   division,   participial 

n.  mas.  sing.  R.  22. 

Vekse  7. 

40  \^^^_\    MJi^i^    32    And  he  did  make,  third  per.  sing. 

pret.  kal.  R.  H^^IJ.  IT'S,  he  made, 
did,  prepared,  executed,  pressed,! 
bruised.    1  conversive. 

41  nt5^'^{    ^^"K    33    That,  which,  pron.  R.  IC'JJ,  }<'fl, 

he  called,  or  rendered  happy,  walk- 
ed, led,  directed. 

42  MhllD     JIhJ    34    Under,  particle.   R.  riH^  J*£3,  he 

-  J-     ■  -    T  *  -  T 

descended,  led  down,  was  cast  down, 
he  laid  up. 

43  p       ])2    35    T^Ms,  so,  particle,  R.  [O,  V'^,  pre- 

pared,    filled,    disposed,    directed, 
confirmed,  appointed,  settled,  estab- 
!  lished. 


Verse  8. 


I 


44'  ♦^tS^    nitS^   36    Second,  num.  adj.  pi.  mas.  R.  tlj^t 

t\'^  ?,  he  changed,  altered,  repeated, 
did  a  second  time. 


83 


45. 


46  'hii 

47  DIPD 


48    nK^ini 


49    nm'n 

AT      T-- 


Y  r«i^         Boo*.      JVb.  Gen.  cAop.  |.t>.9— 11. 

Verse  9. 
^Yr.     •^,^p    37    TAey  sAaZ/,  or  let  them  be  gathered 
together,  third  per.  plur.  mas.  fut. 
niphal,   R.   rrjj^.  rV  and  H'^S,  he 
waited,  hoped,  gathered  together. 
7N    38    To,  particle,  R.  not  in  use. 
Dip    39    A  place,  n.  sing.  mas.  R.  Q)p,  yy, 
he  rose,  stood,  stirred  up,  raised  up, 
set,  established,  confirmed,  appoint- 
ed, performed. 
19     —     And  shall  be  seen,   third  per.  sing, 
fern.  fut.  niphal,  R.  See  19. 
^y    40    The  dry  (land,)  adj.  sing.  fem.  R. 
^y,  >"t}^  he  became  dry,  whithered, 
made  dry  or  dried  up.     HV^N  is 
understood. 

Veuse  10. 

37     —     And  to  the  gathering,  n.  fem.  sing. 

reg.  R.  37.  )  conj,  and  7  prep. 
16     —     Seas,  n.  mas.  plu.  R.  16. 

Verse  11. 

iiti^l    41    She  shall  bring  forth,  third  per.  fem. 
sing.  fui.  hiph.  R.  f^^-j,  i^"^^  hg 
sprang  up,  sprouted. 
41      —    Grass,  n.  sing.  mas.  R.  41. 
^'Z*y   42    Herb,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  not  in  use. 
^"It    43    Yielding  seed,  participle,  hiph.   R. 
^1J^,  he  drew  forth,  sowed,  planted  j 
she  conceived,  brought  forth  seed. 
43     —    Seed,  n.  mas.  sing,  R.  43. 
nVi;    44   A  tree,  n.  m.  sin.  R.  tT^);,  n*S,  he 

shut. 
n*lQ   45   Fruit,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  rrifl,  j*!*^^ 


50  nijpp'pi 

51  D*a» 


51     NtJ'nn 

<••      :  1- 


52  N^"7 

53  ^b^r 

54  rnrS 


55         i^if 

57  >13 


84 
ffo.  Tat.         Root.     Jfo.  Gen.  cAop.  i.e.  11— 16. 

he  was  fruitful,  grew,  brought  forth 
fruit,  made  fruitful.     . 

58  "iytph     m^   46    His  kind,  n.  m.  sing.  R.  H^O'  '^''^' 

he  numbered,  computed,  reconed, 
told,  appointed,  prepared  ;  part  or 
portion  ;  ^  pref.  to,  and  pron.  affix 
third  per.  sing.  mas. 

59  ^lyit      43  His  seed,  n.  mas.  sing.  1  pron.  affix 

third  per.  mas.  sing. 
50  "ii  In  /"wi,    compound   of  prep.    ^  in, 

and  third  per.  pron.  mas.  sing. 

Verse  12. 

61  Kilfll      Ki**    47    Md  (she)  brought  forth,   third  per. 

sing.  fut.  hiph.  R.  {<V^  N"S  and 
♦*f),  he  came  out,  went  out,  went 
forth,  brought  out,  carried  forth. 

Verse  13. 

62  ♦tS^^btt^   \i;h^   48    Third,  numeral  adj.  R.  li/h^',  he 

divided  mto  parts. 

Vekse   14. 

63  S^i^nS       22     —    To  divide,  inf.  hiph.  R.  22. 

64  nriX/     ^^^    49    For  signs,  n.  f  plu.  R.  not  in  use. 

65  Oni^lo'^l     1i^*    50    And  for  seasons,  n.  mas.  pi.  R.  "TV», 

^"Q,  he  appointed,  decreed,  fixed  a 
time  and  place  for  meeting,  as- 
sembled, met,  betrothed. 

Verse  16 

66  D^S'liin     h^3i   51    Great,  adj.  plu.  mas.  R.  hl3i,  b» 

was  great,  grew,  mcreased,  becania 
great,  was  enriched,  nourished!, 
brought  up,  highly  esteemed,  made- 


85 
Jfo.  Ttxt.  Root      JVo.  Oen.  chap.  i.  v.  16—20/ 

great,     exalted     himself,     became 
proud,  triumphed. 
67  flW/DpS  Stfi^p    52    To   rule,   n.  participle,  fem.   sing. 

rfeg.  R.  7^0,  he  ruled,  had  domi- 
nion, spoke  in  parables,  uttered  a 
proverb,  compared,  became  like. 

68     ?iDpn  p^B  ^^  -^^^  ^^**^'''  ^^J'  ^^^'  ^^"^*  ■^*  I''^P' 

K  he  was  small,  less  than,  he  made 

^  small. 

glittered,  sparkled  like  a  star. 
Verse  17. 

70  jn*1       \T)i    55    ^nc?  Ae  gawe,  placed  or  appointed, 

third  per.  mas.  sing.  fut.  kal.  R. 
|nJ'  y^}  he  gave,  bestowed,  de- 
livered, brought,  put,  committed, 
laid  up,  fastened,  ascribed,  charged, 
accused,  uttered,  restored,  sent  forth, 
suffered. 

71  DilK      4  Them,  pron.  third  per.  mas.  plu.  R, 

4,  or  ilN>  not  used. 

Verse  19. 

♦Jt^O*<  r5"»  56  The  fourth,  n.  adj.  R.  ^^^^  he  was 
squared,  lay  down  with,  caused  to 
rome  together  in  bestial  coition. 

Verse  20. 

•|V"ltJf»    V*1tt^'    57    They  shall  bring  forth  abundantly, 
''  '  third  per.   fut.   kal.   R.   p_^",  he 

crept,  propagated  abundantly. 

74  V**^^      ^"^    —    i?epft7e,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  57. 

75  15'£)  J    tySi   58   Animalj  soul,  n.  fem.  sing.  R.  JJ'Di 


86 

ftb.  Text.  Root.     Ab.  Gen.  diap.  i.  v.  20—22. 

y^,  he  breathed,  rested,   was  re- 
freshed. 

76  n*n      n*n    59    Living,  adj.  sing.  fem.  R.  n^H.  iT^. 

he  lived,  recovered  health,  revived, 
kept  alive,  restored  life. 

77  filial       H'l^    ^^    *^"^  ^*^^'  "^^  ^^™'  ^^"S-  ^-  ^li^'  *^^ 

flew,  fluttered,  flew  away,  brandish- 
ed, shone  forth. 

78  rifil)^*       60     —      Shall  fly,  third  per.  sing.  fut.  piail, 

R.  60. 

Verse  21. 

79  D*^*2irin        pn    61     The  fish,  n.  mas.  plu.  R.  not  in  use. 

80  '    "Sb      SSd    62    All,   adj.  R.  ^73,  he  perfected. 

81  ritJ'pin    C^^*^    63    That  moveth,  participle,   fen.   sing. 

kal,  R.  J2^pn,  he  crept. 

82  C]5!3      tliD    64    That  flieih,  or  that  hath  a  wing,  n. 

sing.  mas.  R.  fj^D,  he  fled  away,  re- 
moved to  a  distance. 

Verse  22. 

65  And  he  blessed,  third  per.  sing.  mas. 
fut.  piail,  R.  T]'^3,  he  blessed,  sa- 
luted, bent  his  knees. 

84  ^*13       45     —     Be  fruitful,    second  per.  plu.  mas. 

imp.  kal,  R.  45. 

85  ^y^)    nm^    66    And  multiply,  second  per.  plu.  mas. 

imp.  kal,  R.  D!3*l,  or  rather  il^% 
IT''' 7,  he  multiplied,  increased,  grew 
up,    nourished,    brought   up ;    was 
r  increased,  multiplied  j  shot,  darted, 

made  great ;  1  conj. 
96        IJi/Hpl    N^*^    67    And  fill  ye,  second  per.  plu.  mas. 

imp.  kal,   R.  nSo.  ii'\    he  was 
full,  filled ;  he  consecrated. 


87 
JVb.  Text.        Root.    No.  Gen.  chap.  i.  v.  22—27. 

87  D"1*       66     —     Shall  multiply,  third  per.  sing,  mas- 

fut.  kal,  R.  66. 

Verse   23. 

88  ♦tt^'^pn    tJ'pn    68    The  ffth,  num.  adj.  R.  tJ^DH,  he 

took  the  fifth,  prepared,  armed,  ar- 
rayed. 

Verse  24. 

89  ilDH^    DnS    69    Ca«Ze,  n.  fem.  sing.  R.  DHD,  not 

in  use. 

90  DIK    D"tN    70    Jkfan,  n.  m.  sing.  R.  D"l^^.  N^fi,  he 

was  red. 

91  ^^07^5     D7if    71    In  our  form,  n.  mas.  sing.  R.  D7lf» 

not  in  use.  ^  prep,  in,  and  1J  pron, 
affix,  first  per.  com.  plu. 

92  1jni013    riD"!    72    LiA;ncss,  n.  fem.  sing.  R.  HOT  n*V. 

he  resembled,  likened,  thought,  was 
silent,   failed,    ceased,    cut  off,   de- 
stroyed ;  D  pref.  similarity, )}  proa, 
\  affix,  first,  com.  plu. 

93  I"!*!**!    r7*T"^    73    And  they  shall  rule,  third  per.  plu» 

com.  fut.  kal,  R.  nTl,  ,tS.  he 
ruled,  had  dominion,  held  in  sub^ 
jection,  took. 

94  JlJI^       JI1*1    74    In,  or  among  the  Jish,  n,  fem.  sing* 

reg.  R.  j|1*l,  he  fished. 

Verse  27. 

95  IDf     ^^t    75    ji  male,  n.  mas.  smg.  R.  IJjr,  he 

was  vigorous,  especially  in  a  potent 
scent,  burned,  remembered,  men- 
tioned, celebrated. 

96  n^pJI     3p4    76    ^/emfl/e,  n,  fem.  sing.  R.  rjpJ.yC). 

12        he  bored,  pJerced,  thrust  through^ 


88 

Ab.  Texi.  Root.    Ifo.  Gen.  chap.  \.  v.  27—29. 

marked,  named,  appointed,  stligma> 
tized,  blasphemed,  cursed. 

Verse  28. 

97  n^DD")    ^^^    77    And  subdue  it,  second  per.  plu.  mas. 

imp.  kal,  R.  tt^^3,  he  subdued,' 
kept  under,  enslaved. 

Verse  29. 

98  »^^t}        \^    ^^    Behold,  particle,  R.   |n,  not  used. 

99  057  4    —    To  you,  second  per.  plu.  mas.  per- 

sonal pron.  R.  4. 

100  nS^JJ^     SdN    79    For  food,  n.  fem.   sing.  R.    SdIJ. 

ii'^Q,  he  ate,  devoured,  consumed, 
overturned,  destroyed,  fed,  nou- 
rished. 

101  p;^*      p'lj    80    Green,  adj.  m.  sing.  R.  p")*,  ^''^,  he 

spat,  did  spit,  bore  leaves,  became 
green. 

102  *TNO   "INO    81    Very,  particle,  R.  not  used. 

103  ♦tS^lS^n     ti/iaf    82    The  sixthf  num.  adj.  R.  not  used. 


89 


CHAPTER  l.—Alphahet. 

Ao<c.— That  the  present  number  and  order  of  letters,  in  the 
f  Hebrew  alphabet,  are  the  same  as  those  used  during  the  reign 
of  David  and  Solomon,  is  evident  from  several  of  the  Psalms 
especially  the  cxix.  from  Proverbs  xxxi.  10,  throughout,  wherJ 
the  verses  begin  alphabetically,  and  also  from  the  Lamentations 
of  Jeremiah. 

R.  119.  The  letters  are  used  as  numerals,  and  increase  in 
units  from  N  to  ».  in  tens  from  :)  to  p,  and  in  hundreds  from 
*l  to  ri.  (See  Alphabet,   col.  5.) 

R.  120.  The  numerals  11,  12,  21,  22,  &c.  are  formed  by 
placing  the  tens  to  the  right  and  the  units  to  the  left  •  as  i^i  n 

y  12,  n:)  21,  :}D  22,  kS  31,  &c.  ^    »     » 

Exception.— The  numerals  15,  and  16,  are  not  expressed  by 
H'  10  and  5,  and  V  10  and  6,  this  form  being  apart  of  the  sacred 
[name  niHS  but  are  combined  thus  ItO  9  and  6,  TD  9  and  7. 

R.  121.  The  numerals  from  500  and  upwards  are  expressed 
iin  the  following  manner:  'pn  or  ^  500,  in  or  D  600,  C^^ 
or  f  700,  rin  or  ^  800,  pfin  or  f  900,  K  1000,  i  2000. 

A-ore.— The  Hebrews  count  their  time  from  the  creation  of 
the  world,  and  the  present  is  with  them  the  year  5583  (1823  ) 
This  is  called  ^nj  t:i£),  i.  e.  the  great  or  full  number.  In 
general  the  Millenary  number  is  omitted,  as  yQTyr\  nj^-;^ 
p'^'37,  i.  e.  in  the  year  583,  according  to  the  smaller  "reel 
koning.  The  date  of  Hebrew  books  is  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
the  title  page,  where  the  student  will  observe  a  line  in  which 
certain  letters  are  of  a  larger  size;  these  must  be  counted  and 
»heir  number  united  will  give  the  date  of  the  year  when  the 


9a 

book  ^'as  printed,  as  ^^^trD  n^  yr^V  nc  r^^S  r...,  the  sum 
of  Le  llrs  (N  1,  D  40,  I.  300,  ^  !«,  H  8,  and  1  20^^ 
.hows  that  the  book  was  printed  in  the  year  of  the  Jewish  iEra 
379,   i.  e.  A.  C.  1619 

R.  122  Hebrew  words  are  never  divided  so  as  to  have 
one  part  of  the  word  at  the  end  of  one  line,  and  the  other  part 
:tth^e,nnin.of  thene..     To^U  np  a  Une^the^^oHo^^^^^^^ 

letters  are,  in  print,  made  large,  n    □    ^  •     a       '•    .c  . 
'  J    ^   "^    -^    n    "1    5.      Sometimes  a 

MS.  these   also   are  used,   ")   p    J    N    n    J- 

letter  at  the  end  of  a  line  is  inverted. 

R.  123.  The  letters  are  divided  into  five  classes,  according 
to  the  organs  by  which  they  are  formed  :  as, 

Gutturals,  or  Throat  letters  .  .  .  VH^^ 
Labials,  —Lips  do. 
Palatals,  —Palate  do. 
Unguals,  — Tongue  do. 
Dentals,  —Teeth  do. 
R.  124.  Letters  formed  by  the  same  organ  frequently  change 

'";';;trTnk"yDiD  for  ^^ip,  ^D  for  nr?,  nn^  for 
R   125.  The  letters  n.n?^;  observe, 

«4S  for  'n^S.  '^VN';-  <•»'■  ''Vi^'-i.  °'^\tr%X 

CS?3   for    Dijlll   n'Vsi  f-   "''?'^>    ^'^   '"'  ^^' 
more  particularly, 

K  always  a,  the  e.A  of  a  word  and  also  in  the  m.ddle,  »he„ 
without  a  vowel,  as  «->?.  nXV?. 
,     n  at  the  end  of  a  word,  as  nN>  except  it  has  a  n,apho.fc 

|";:;t  U  Te^rf'.i'e'ho.en,  or  shuricU,  e.cept   it  ha.« 
'  vowel.    See  R.  9. 


I 


91 

♦  when  preceded  by  ( " )  or  (  " ),  or  the  suffix  V  >  as  V^ 

JVote. — When  the  *^^f^{  letters  are  quiescent,  they  are  ge- 
nerally preceded  by  the  following  vowels,  as 

t<  or  n  by  (  ^ )  or  (  • ),  1  by  1  or  ),  and  ♦  by  (  • )  or  (  • ). 
Or  are  frequently  omitted  and  called,   *)pn  or  deficient,  as 
}<  in  m  for  IJNJ,  prp  for  ]mp,  ri^^P'  for  nS^Nti^', 

»pnn  for  N^pnn. 

'n  in  the  middle,  as  »J  for  ^'-IJ,  n!lS  for  n^^h.  "li^  for 

♦  'in  the  middle,  as  0^-3  for  D^^lJ.  D^pNI  for  D^p^J*. 

II.  When  a  word  or  syllable  is  to  be  long,  they  are  unneces- 
sarily   inserted,    as    N*  in   "jNI^.   hii72t^,    DNJ^V    DIONI 

III.  They  are  often  exchanged  for  each  other,  as  D*5tJ^{< 

for  D'y^n,  ♦ri^jp  for  ^rin^p>  pfl'P^^■n  for  fis'b'in" 
)rmn  for  )yD'n,  vp)  for  liipi,  nh^i?  for  "ly];,  n\n 

for  mn,  ni31for  J^Dn.  ' 

T  T  T     :  T     : 

R.  122.  The  letters  are  divided  into  Radicals  and  Serviles. 
See  R.  79. 


i00ai 


CHAPTER  IL— Points. 

i 

■f  R.  123.  Chlrik  without  a  i  in  the  last  syllable,  having  an 
accent,  or  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  not  followed  by  (  = )  shewa 
or  dagesh,  is  along  chirik,  as  "iTl,   D^ 7*D^. 

R,  124.  The  following  words  are  some  of  those  where  long 
( "^ )  becomes  ( "^  )  chataph  or  short  o,  and  the  (  ■  )  is  Nach  :  as 

urx,  iniN*,  dS^k,  iSiJ'  no^n,  'nn,  'ty'ip. 

:t  :t  t:t  :t  t:t  -.t  -Jt 

R.  125.  The  single  Dagesh  is  omitted, — 1.  In  the  beginning 
of  a  word,  when  the  preceding  word  ends  with  one  of  the  Ehevi 
letters,  without  a  pause  or  kingly  accent.  But  if  the  preceding^ 
word  be  niH*  Je-ho-wah,  or  if  the   dageshed  letter  be  sac- 


92 


'ceeded  by  a  similar  letter,  the  dagesh  remains,  as  D.*P?^5  ^V^\ 
Ye-ho-wah  Bash-sha-ma-yim,  p'!  \i?  Be-nay  Dai.dan-2. 
In  the  affixes  DD  chem,  and  JD  chen;  in  the  regimen  or  plural 
form,  as  niDni  Bir-choth,  Oil  Dar-chay ;  before  the  pa- 
ragogic  n,  as^ni:ii  Neg-dah;  before  the  infinmve  suffix  as 
I^Son  Be-mol-cho,  or  before  the  termination  ni  ooth,  as  Mai- 

chooth'niD7D. 

R  126  The  Euphonic  Dagesh  is  generally  used  in  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word  when  preceded  by  Makkaph,  as  nrHO' 
Ld  is  pronounced  thus  :  Maz-zeh.  Also  a  tone-syllable  wUh  a 
pause-accent,  as  ^S^n  chad-dail-loo  for  ^SlH  chad-loo. 

R  128  In  some  instances  words  of  more  than  one  syllable 
also  have  their  long  vowel  changed,  through  the  influence  of  the 
Makkaph,  as  ]r^:iip  mid-bar  txin,  mstead  of  -)^1D  .  1.:? 
n\^!2  be-yad  Mo-sheh,  instead  of  1'% 

jVofe-A  correct  acquaintance  with  the  accents  is  very  de- 
sirable,' for  they  do  not  only  assist  in  ascertaining  the  sense  of 
a  sentence,  but  they  even  change  the  signification  of  a  number 
of  words,  particularly  verbs,  according  to  their  bemg  placed 
either  h^V^D  or  V^^D,  as  T^^^  she  cones,  -^  "e 
word  thus  accented  ^2  signifies  she  came,  n^?,!  with 
yriO  signifies  she  remembered,  without  a  jinp  it  sigmfies,  re- 

member  thou. 

«  The  Jews,"  (saith  David  Livi)  "  firmly  believe  that  both 
the  points  and  accents  were  from  Moses,  but  affixed  to  the  let- 
ters by  fe«,  who  being  a  ready  scribe   m  the  law  of  God, 
was  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  true  signification  of  every 
accent,  and  which  we,  through  the  length  of  our  captivity   and  ' 
the  severe  persecution  we  have  undergone,  together  with  the 
loss  and  destruction  of  the  writings  of  our  eminent  men,  are 
at  present  unable  to  comprehend.     But,  although  we  cannot 
boast  of  thorough  knowledge  of  every  one  of  the  accents,  we 
however,  have  yet  some  small  knowledge  remaining  of  the  uti- 
lity and  signification  of  many  of  them.     Heb.  Gram.  p.  338. 
H.  127.  The  accents,  when  placed   on  the  last  syllable, 


93 

called  i^'y^D,  but  when  placed  in  the  beginning  or  middle  of 
a  word,  it  is  called  7*XvP 

R.  128.  The  accents  are  divided  into  kings,  ministers,  and 
servants,  and  are  distinguished  by  their  names  and  forms,  as 
will  be  seen  by  the  adjoining  table. 

^pS™ioS?  KINGS. 

K  n^TM^     Ath-nach 

(S  -    :     - 

K  Cn:i     Ge-resh 

If 

K  D*ti''lJ|     Gair-sha-yim 

5  Nj^nr     Sar-ka 

6  Sn^  CJpr  Sa-kaiph  Ga-dol 
K  |l£0j5  i]pr  Sa-kaiph  Ka-ton 
K  NhiDP     Tiph-cha 

i^  .^      .  yn^.     Ye-thiv 

K   '  ni7D     Sil-look 


\ 


^  KnSl:ip  Se-gol-ta 

K  ^   irfl  Pa-zair 

(  p^ok  Pe-sik 

J  i          n^p'lJl?  Le-gar-may         - 

K  t?btS^i>  Pash-ta 

S  rrnfl  »'jSp  Kar-nay  Pa-ra 

^  "'  I^pS  Re-vi-a 

N  t)ht^^\^  Shal-she-leth 

K  '  Tbri  Te-vir 

■J  •    : 

jj  nSn^  i<t:'>Sn  Te-n-sha  Ge-do-lah. 


MINISTERS. 

K  NJI11  Dar-ga 

^  1D1»  I^'HT.  Ye-rech  Ben-yo-mo 

J<  m^b  Moo-nach 

K  nSHD  Mah-pach 


if  KJ^P     Mair-cha 


94 

A  kVDiP     Kad-ma 

j5        n^^P  NJi^'^r^     Te-li-sha  Ke-tan-na 

SEUVANTS. 

K         nS^5?  ^^^1P     Mair-cha  Ke-phoo-lah 

i^  ^      '       ]r)D     Me-theg 

I  ■  ■ 

R.  129.  Te-li-sha  Ge-do-lah  is  always  in  the  beginning  of  the 
word,  but  Te-li-sha  Ke-tan-na  is  placed  at  the  end  of  a  word, 
as  nLJ^N  Te-li-sha  Ge-do-lah,  HtT^^  Te-li-sha  Ke-tan-na. 

R.  130.  Le-gar-may  is  generally  followed  by  Moo-nach  and 
Re-vi-a,  or  Ue-vi-a  alone,  as  □'hSn*  HJiH^  I  "IPN*^^  or 
n^t^N  '  HD^Nl  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  Pe-sik, 
which  is  always  a  pause,  and  is  generally  between  a  king  and 
a  minister,  as  »n^<m  >  ^biXS  '  HC^oS  >  niJ^i^'^j'^p-S^- 

R.  131.  There  must  always  be  a  syllable  or  Shewa  na,  or 
Dagesh  between  the  accent  and  the  metheg,  as  DINH  Ha-a- 
dam,  ^Sd{<  A-che-loo. 

R.  132.  When  two  accents  of  the  same  kind  are  placed  upon 
a  word,  the  first  of  them  marks  the  tone-syllable,  as  ^nD  to- 
hoo  5  but  when  two  of  a  different  kind  are  placed  on  a  word^ 
the  last  accutes,  as  DniJlD/l- 


CHAPTER  lU.— Reading. 

R.  133.  Shewa  Na  and  compound  Shewa  form  a  syllable 
without  any  other  consonant,  as  ii<\  We-al,  Tjpnnp  Me-ra- 
cha-maic^. 


CHAPTER  IV.— TAe  Article. 

R.  134.  When  the  letter  which  follows  the  H  article  does 
not  admit  of  a  dagesh,  the  ( " )  is  commonly  changed  into  ('} , 


95 

as  ti'^kSfn.  p^^H'  t^'ii^il;  but  if  the  letter  be  M  or  h,  the  (-) 
generally  remains  unchanged,  as  ^/hn.  ^12^'nrT,  and  when 
the  guttural  hath   a  ( "^j  the  article  commonly  takes   (•),  as 

R.  135.  The  Dagesh  is,  commonly,  omitted  before  a  word 
beginning  with  f2  or  ♦,  having  a  single  (  =  ),  as  rTp20n>  ^N^H; 
but  before  the  ( ^= )  the  article  hath,  in  some  instances,  a  ( •• ), 

as  niannn. 

T  t;   V 

R.  136.  To  distinguish  the  article  from  the  tl  interrogative. 
— Observe  : 

1.  The  latter  commonly  hath  a  (-=),  as  H^ltOH  whether 
it  be  good. 

2.  Before  gutturals  it  hath  a  (  -  ),  as  t]  7^{ll,  shall  I  go.^"  but 
before  guttural  with  (■^)  it  hath(-),  as  DDIirT,  whether  he 
be  wise.''  and  before  (  •  )  it  has  ( "  ),  as  nJlrOn. 

3.  When  it  is  succeeded  by  dagesh,  the  dagesh  is  in  the 
prefix  and  not  in  the  noun,    as  j^?!!* 

CHAPTER  v.— Nouns. 

In  nouns  is  chiefly  to  be  noticed  their  formation,  gender, 
number,  case,  government,  or  regimen. 

R.  137.  Nouns  are  generally  formed  from  the  third  person 
singular  of  the  preterite  tense,  first  conjugation  active  : 

1.  By  changing  its  vowel  or  vowels,  as  "ID"!,  a  word,  from 
^^"1,  he  spake  ;  or  TpD,  a  kin^,  from  T[7p,  he  did  reign  ;  or, 

2.^  By  dropping  a  radicaUeiter,  as  JH,  grace,  from  p|l,  he 
was  gracious  ;  or, 

3.  By  adding  one  or  more  of  the  VflilOJ^n  letters,  as 
npDp,  a  covering,  from  HDiD,  he  did  cover  ;  or  hlD,  a  word, 
from    hht2,  he  spake  ;  or  H^fip,  a  gift,  from   [H^^e  gave, 

R.  138.  With  respect  to  Genders,  observe  : 

1.  Masculine,  are  generally  the  names  of  men,  as  Dfl*!^}^; 
of  offices  occupied  by  men,  as  T|*7p,  a  king;  of  idols,  as  jljl'l; 
of  angels,  as  SxD^O  J  of  nations,  as  DHVO  J  ^^  rivers,  as 
TltJ'^i? ;  of  mountains,  as   7D")p  ;  and  of  months,  as  jD^J. 

2.  Feminine,  are  names  of  women,  as  7n"n| ;  of  cities,  ftS 
J1*V  J  ^^^  ^^  countries,  as  [JL^^D. 


96 


CHAPTER  VL— Adjectives. 
R.  139.  The  Superlative  is  also  formed  by  prefixing  the  ad- 
jective, or  by  a  genitive  or  suffix  following  the  adjective,  as 
D^Vl^n  nj^Vl  fD|^n  Xin  nnj,  and  David  was  the 
youngest,  and  the  three  eldest  followed  Saul.  ^IJT)  JPlNin* 
V-D3,  Jehoahaz,  the  youngest  of  his  sons.     pTHD  D^lD   the 

T  T  ^  .  J        V  ••    :  T 

best  of  them  is  as  brier. 

Example  of  JVouns  and  Adjectives,  according  to  their  variations 
in  JVumber  and  Resrimen. 


MASCULINE. 

Words  undergoing  the  same 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

variations  as  those  in  the  op-  - 
posite  column). 

Regimen. 

Absolute. 

Regimen- 

Absolute. 

Signification. 

Nn^  '^ly^  ^c^'D 

n?^ 

nn2i 

111 

^?1 

a.  wurd 

m  m  m 

^pbn 

■    T     -: 

□DH 

T    T 

A  wise  maD 

nnp 

'i'^'n 

°'^'"3[7 

irnn 

D'ln 

a  smith 

notr  Snx  Sdh 

-      ••      T                     ■•      T                    ••       T 

ipl 

an  old  man 
desirous 

anj  h'h'D  ^'py 

nop* 

P9 

a  shield 
a  hireling 

^i^i^  onb  Y^Q 

'V^'^ 

D^vnr 

]>nr 

fni? 

terrible 

'  ^  ^p3  goD 

'iv6 

D'r:;p 

rir^ 

nri) 

a  forti£cation 

ptDp  ip3  ''n^ 
^^y  SiS?  i^)y^ 

high 
born 

T 

D^V^nn 

rnn 

P'^O 

diligent 

l^'f 

D^sV  ns' 

nfi^ 

beautiful 

m  ^ 

^niD 

D^niQ 

niD 

riiS 

death           | 

D»i,Dr    on 

^^n 

Dv^n 

Dh 

on 

warm          i 

D"!  ID    rn 

*pv 

Dni; 

pv 

nv 

an  enemy 

T                   Jt                              T 

nir% 

0'^.'?V 

i^^v 

I'^Vv 

a  rib 

^y. 

'N*^P 

d^nSd 

N^P 

^*^^ 

full 

^*li^* 

not  used. 

-liTb' 

nptJ' 

a  hair 

*^''iD 

D^trnn 

^'"6 

i^n.D 

deaf 

^  D»3pp^ 

*?p^ 

^ni3pp^ 

not  used. 

^DD  round  about 

97 


MA  SCULINE.— Confmwerf. 

Words  undergoing  the  same 

PLUltAL. 

SINGULAR. 

varicitions  AS  tnose 
posite  columns. 

lu  V.11C  up- 

Regimen. 

Absolute. 

Regimen. 

Absolute. 

Signification. 

"ir^p 

nflD 

Dn$p 

*^^P 

"^5p 

a  book 

Dtrr 

'Vsn 

D'Vsn 

pn 

pn 

desire 

'^l 

'nji 

^i;r 

O'vi 

b 

YV. 

a  tree 

t^k 

rn 

rii^ 

D^rj; 

rv 

w 

a  goat 

f$i\ 

^;?^i^ 

D»331D 

T 

3313 

3313 

a  star 

npN*  pji» 

D.^N 

nDiLT' 

anD)c^ 

-IDltr 

"IDltJ^ 

a  keeper 

'kl3 

D^ini) 

in^ 

in^ 

a  priest 

•np^ 

'^'no 

D'^'IO 

^1n 

^ln 

a  month 

^IPN* 

''Sn.s* 

T 

Shk 

Sn■^? 

a  tent 

ni^   nil 

D13 

^nib 

D^niD 

31 D 

31 D 

^ood 

pn 

Dl 

'^V 

D^rj; 

r;^ 

rr 

strength 

nn 

"11D 

mv 

Dniv 

m^; 

ni^ 

a  rock 

^?P 

n?D 

'?;i,^ 

D';i,^.i 

3^^ 

3|J 

a  thief 

n^jV 

pnv 

n'^^'? 

Dn^sS 

n^flS 

"f'.i^'? 

a  torch 

p^n 

^ti'iSK 

D'iJI^N 

w^iSn 

qi'^N 

a  prince 

nrc^' 

'^.^.?. 

Dnr: 

ni^j 

n::^'^ 

a  lad 

r.:  ^'b 

V.S 

^'^h 

D'Kn 

^"'! 

nu 

An  olive  tree 

''b^^ 

•     T     •-■ 

Snj 

hm 

a  conl 

np.^ 

v^:^"i 

ODJ 

□  ODJ 

m 

ib^ 

a  drink-offer- 

H"!'^ 

m 

oSq 

T     ; 

ing. 
a  king 

m 

^l^ii 

Dnar 

"T?l^ 

-i3r 

a  servant 

^i^^'3 

ri^D 

'i^ll 

U'^IJ 

ri'r 

rSr 

seed 

133 

T 

"    T 

Dn^Jj 

n3N 

n3N 

a  husband- 

nij; 

>p^pi; 

D'^'pv 

^''pi^ 

z'py. 

perverse 

niD? 

nis^ 

nn)!pb 

'Tl/*2^ 

-na^ 

learned 

■■^S? 

o'h^i 

^^^ 

^'^^^ 

a  vessel 

ni 

■  w'^v 

T    : 

'^V 

':iv 

a  roe 

IniND^fj 

^'Sri 

5  o"5n? 

•  T   t: 

•  t: 

•    t: 

a  decease 

98 


DUAL.                                               1 

Words  undergoing 
the  same  variHtions  as 
those  in  the  opposite 
columns. 

DUAL. 

SINGULAR. 

Significa- 
tion. 

Begimen. 

Absolute 

Regimen. 

Absolute, 

'ml 

nob' 

A  lip 

a  wing^ 
a  thigh 

a  hand 
a  tooth 
an  ear 

a  shoe 

an  eye 
a  nose 
a  foot 
a  door 
a  knee 

FEMININE.                                               1 

T     T                       T    T 

n^ptrp 

T  T    V                   T      T  - 

T"  :           T  ••   -: 

nv:b' 

rii:)Spp 
nviSp' 

niSp'pp 

ninpb* 

mnsc^'p 

niDxSp 

ni^Spp 
nrS'^p 

niSc'pp 
ninip'p 

niDxSp 

not  used. 

^P^'PP 

rioSp 

rip%* 
np^r 

riStrpp 

nnpj?' 

nns'wTp 

•TP5 

n7;rpp 

nnptr 

nnsp'p 

beautiful 
wisdom 
counsel 
the  second 

a  request 
a  kingdom 
a  kingdom 
a  garment 
a  virgin 

a  damsel 

reproach 

dominion 

joy 

a  family 

a  blessing 

a  pool 

cattle 

a  work 

a  pit 

99 

R.  140.  Some  nouns  are  irregular,  having  tne  niasculinf» 
termination  in  the  singular,  and  the  feminine,  or  both,  in  the 
plural,  as  Dt^,  a  name;  H'iOt^,  names;  ^J7,  a  cloud;  DOI^» 
and  nlDi^,  clouds  :  others  have  the  feminine  termination  in 
the  singular,  and  the  masculine  in  the  plural,  as  HiJ^Nj  a 
woman;  W^^,  women:  and  some  have  both  the  dual  and 
plural  terminations  joined  together,  as  nOltlj  a  wallj 
D^nlDln,  walls. 


Examples  of  Irregular  JVouns. 


Words  undereoing 
the  SHine  variatious  as 
those  in  the  opposite 
,  columns. 

PLUKAL. 

SINGULAR. 

Signification. 

Reginven. 

Absolute. 

Regimen. 

Absolute. 

ni3N* 

ninN 

'^i^ 

DN 

a  father 

on 

*nN 

D^HN 

^N 

T 

a  brother 

T 

*^? 

0^3 

I? 

P 

a  son 

' 

*^? 

D^nS 

n»? 

n'5 

a  house 

^P^h 

D^C^Nn 

itnS 

c'nS 

a  head 

^^' 

D'PJ 

DV 

D1» 

a  day 

T'^i< 

D^^'JN 

tS^'I^N* 

t^'lJN 

a  man 

- 

^\v 

D'nj 

nl 

n'j 

a  kid 

*-!V 

D»:v  Q''v 

*v 

*v 

a  ship 

,   nirr    nitr^ 

♦piir' 

^'pW 

p)ti/ 

pitr 

a  street 

ni^s 

d"3 

»3 

n£) 

a  mouth 

, 

n)in::i 

ni:h5 

1^3 

frts 

a  thumb 

i 

♦P^D  'D 

WD 

water 

niaN 

niDN 

D^? 

DN* 

a  mother 

niDn 

T 

nvriN 

nvfiN 

niDN 

DinN* 

a  sister 

( 

my? 

niJ5 

ni 

n5 

a  daughter 

r^'in^k 

ninoN 

MP^ 

noi^ 

a  maidservant 

1 

T 

Djp  n:p 

T    T 

a  portion 

"'^'^ 

O'^l 

^?^'i^ 

ne^'N 

a  woman 

' 

n? 

^T 

-i»j; 

a  city 

1 

1 
i 

L 

100 

r  CHAPTER  VII.— Pronoun* 

R.  141.  The  dagesh  in  the  second  person  singular  and  pln- 
Tul,  is  an  assimilated  J  ;  the  original  words  being  nT}}^  or 

R.  142.  HD  before  Mak-kaph  is  commonly  shortened,  and 
joined  by  dagesh  Euphonic,  with  the  following  word,  as  "Mg 
n^  ;  and  before  gutturals  with  (-^ ),  ilD  becomes  Hp. 

Examples  of  relative,  demonstrative,  and  interrogative  pronoum. 
(See  R.  38.  II.  III.  &i  IV.) 

VW'^  nS  *1?^>?  tr^Srt  niT]\  "  And  it  shall  come  to 
pass,  that  the  man  that  will  not  hearken." 

DnVP:?'"iJr^>>*  ^n^'^^?  ngiti^'NI  "  And  I  wni  return 
unto  my  brethren  that  are  in  Egypt." 

^3nn  *^^^.  ^''r\''^'^i^\  "And  I  win  teach  thee,  what 
thou  shalt  say."  | 

:qt^5;^3  "  Thou,  nor  thy  son,  nor  thy  daughter,  thy  man- 
«ervant,  nor  thy  maid-servant,  nor  thy  cattle,  nor  thy  stranger 
th(^  is  within  thy  gates."  j 

l^pny.  nr  nOi^S  hb  lD^''nJ<  N^p^.l  "  And  he  called 
his  name'Noach,  saying,  This  shall  comfort  us." 

Kp'^nS    n^lJ    ^^    "  ^^^'^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ""*°  *^®  giants.* 
S^n  DliJin    *'  r/io5«  nations."  , 

are  the  three  sons  of  Noach,  and  of  them  was  the  whole  earth 
overspread." 

ni  mSln  nSx    *'  These  are  the  generations  of  Noach.*, 

I^i^ri  rlr'xS)  tin^in  nr^S  "  This  is  not  the  way,  nojd 
19  (his  the  city." 

OnVP  T"?.??  t^^^l*?  "^^  "  ^^"  ^^*^^  ^®  ^^"'^  derision 
In  the  land  of  Egypt," 


101 

Vts'ir  nx*r  "  Do  this»  rrp|)rr  npr»  nx'r  "  This  is  the 

ordinance  of  the  passover." 

)t  "liin'jD    *'  From  this  generation." 

Jl/NJ  It  QV    "  T^t5  people  whom  thou  hast  redeemed." 

r^n  rSon'Si^    "  Upon  this  rock." 

nr^n  C^^NH'^D    "  what  man  is  ihisr 

VT     -  •     T 

ilfjt  *P"r)5    "  fVhose  daughter  art  thou .?" 

nrii<   ♦P    "  ?^o  art  thou." 

^9  h^N  ♦p  "  fVho  are  those  with  thee .?" 

C^■^J^J   np    "  what  is  man.?"   nS  Nin  np  "  ^af  he 
was  unto  her." 

1i:3'D^*np1    lOt^'Trp   "  ^a<  is  his  name,  and  what  is 
his  son's  name  f " 

'^h  nitrrS'np  "  ?F7ia<  can  be  done  for  thee  ?" 
17  n^rrrrD    ''  ^Aa<  is  become  of  him  f" 

T  T 


*«o«* 


CHAPTER   VIII.— FerSj. 

The  author  takes  leave  to  state  briefly  the  reason  why  he 
aiffers  from  the  most  eminent  grammarians  that  have  gone  be- 
fore him,  who  numerate  seven  distinct  conjugations. 

In  the  Latin  language,  all  grammarians  are  agreed  that  there 
,  are  four  conjugations,  and  that  every  regular  verb  is  declined 
I  or  conjugated  after  the  example  of  one  of  these  conjugations; 
I  but  in  Hebrew  all  perfect  verbs  are  conjugated  after  the  one 
I  example  of  Pa-al.  And  though  the  verb  varies  in  its  significa- 
I  tion  seven  times,  yet  it  would  be  very  improper  to  call  these 
I  variations  distinct  conjugations.  No  one  ever  supposed  that  amo 
and  amor  are  two  different  conjugations,  why  then  should  the 
,  active  and  the  passive  in  Hebrew  be  styled  so  ?  Is  it  to  be 
wondered  at,  therefore,  that  many  a  Hebrew  student  has  been 


i 


102  . 


discouraged  by  being  told  he  had  to  learn  seven  conjugations, 
especially  after  he  had  experienceo  the  great  difficulty  of  mak- 
ing himself  master  of  the  four  Latin  conjugations.  Would  it 
not  naturally  suggest  to  him  the  idea,  that  he  has  to  learn  in 
each  conjugation,  an  active  and  passive  voice,  which  would 
make  fourteen  paradigms,  and  the  Indicative  and  Subjunctive 
of  each  voice  would  double  the  number,  and  make  it  twenty- 
eight,  whilst  in  reality  there  are  but  seven  simple  paradigms, 
and  differing  so  little  from  each  other,  that  if  the  first  be  once 
learned,  the  others  will  soon  be  known. 

-     R.  144.  When  the  first  radical  is  D,  tT',  or  tJ^  the  charac- 
teristic n  in  Hithpa-ail  changes  place  with  the  first  radical, 

at  Ssnpn,  for  Sspnn;  "i^n^^n,  and  not  nprrirr; 

^iDDb^n  for  13 **^nn.— When  the  first  radical  is  ^*,  the  H 
is' changed  into  *J,^  and  the  t3  changes  place  with  the  first 
radical,  as  T)lt:nr\  for  p-IVnn—And  when  the  first  radical 
is  n-  t:>  or  n,  the  characteristic  H  is  omitted,  and  a  Dagesh 
placed   in  the  first  radical,  as  HS'IN*  for   H^in^  ;  "inpr? 

for  nn^nn ;  )r\f2r)n  for  inonr^n. 


CHAPTER  XUh— Changes  of  Letters  and  Points. 

R.  145.  1  Conjunction,  when  followed  by  ( =  )  changes  its  usual 
vowel  (  =  )  into  1,  as  SdSi  ;  but  if  the  succeeding  {■■)he  under 
♦  n  or  n  the  (  =  )  conjunction  is  then  changed  into  ( •  )  and 
sometimes'to  (  - ),  -«  ^H^'  D^T^HV  VHl.  H^nr  If  the  1 
conjunction  be  followed  by  D-  0-  or  Q,  it  commonly  changes 
(  :  )  into  1,  but  if  the  letter  hath  the  tone,  it  takes  ( - ),  as 
n'DI'  "nSpi.  nr"<51.  ^n^^l;  especially  when  it  joins  two 
synonimous  words,^ 'as  Cny:];  afflicted  and  poor.  Before 
a  guttural  letter  with  a  compound  (  =  )  1  takes  the  corres- 
ponding short  vowel,  as   H^nj  "^^V.).' 


103 

R.  14&.  *|  Convenive  (see  R.  117.  Note)  prefixed  to  the 
future,  whose  praeformative  hath  ( •  )  loses  its  Dagesh,  as 
7^p!lJ  and  before  the  formative  prefix  {<  the  (")  is  length- 
ened, as  ':JDplSIV 

R.  147.  The  prepositions  3,  3,  7,  before  a  compound  (  =  ) 
assume  the  corresponding  short  vowel,  as  |^*^^5  5  before  the 
article  they  commonly  remove  it,  and  take  its  punctuation. 
(See  R.  103.)  Before  a  tone-syllable  they  take  (  •'),  as  r\^)p. 

R.  148.  The  preposition  ^!2  frequently  drops  its  ?,  and  is  sup- 
plied by  Dagesh  in  the  next  letter,  as  71*7^0  instead  of  T]  7p"|P, 
if  followed  by  guttural  or  *1,  its  ( •  )  is  changed  into  ( " ),  as 


CHAPTER  X.V.— Syntax. 

R.  149.  Two  substantives  in  apposition  are  sometimes  so 
joined  together,  that  the  latter  supplies  the  place  of  an  adjec- 
tive, as   DPP  D^^^N,  men  fewness ;  i.e.  few  men.  i 

R.  150.  A  substantive  is  often  repeated  to  signify,  1.  the 
whole,  with  reference  to  each  of  the  same  kind,  as  tJ^^i«{  SJ^'{<» 
man  man  ;  i.  e.  every  man.  3.  Multitude  and  succession  j  as 
*)prT  nnNS  ni")}:}!},  pits,  pits  of  day;  i.  e.  many  and  suc- 
cessive. 3.  Distribution,  as  he  delivered  to  his  servants,  *TT'I? 
■)*1i^,  drove,  drove  ;  i.  e.   a  drove  to  the  care  of  each. 

R.  151.  The  noun  following  the  regimen  is  often  used  as  an 
adjective,  as  C^"ipn  *1il3)  garments  of  holiness ;  i.  e.  holy  gar- 
ments ;  and  sometimes  the  regimen  noun  is  used  as  an  adjec- 
tive, as  *3D"|  y^^i  wi^h  the  multitude  of  my  chariots ;  i.  e. 
with  many. 

R.  152.  A  noun  hath  sometimes  the  same  form  as  if  in 
regimen,  when  a  particle  intervenes,  as  DI^TT.  DDDH,  wis- 
dom and  knowledge  ;  13  'Din,  trusting  in  him  ',  'J!l*75  ^5'9 
n*lD,  a  stroke  without  cessation.     15 


104 


'  R.  153.  Collective  nouns  in  the  singular  number  have  plura. 
words  to  agree  with  them,  as  D^^V?^^  ^V?:'  ^^^  P^^'P** 
that  were  to  be  found. 

R.  154.  The  pronoun  is  sometimes  redundant,  as  H^J^rj 
♦V'nirii  J^in,  the  woman  (she)  gave  me;  Tii^  ^HN"]!!! 
lS*n,  and  she  saw  (him)  the  child.  The  pronoun  affix  with 
the  "particle  h  is  also  sometimes  redundant,  as  ^V'n^liy'Jf*  I 
will  return. 

R.  155.  The  particle  ?|S  before  the  preter  or  future,  denotei 
an  optative  sense,  as  ^^tliD  lS,  O,  that  we  had  died ! 


^'"5  after 


h^i<. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

The  following  chapter  contains  a  complete  list  of  irregular 
verbs.  If  the  student  will  store  his  memory  with  eight  words 
every  day,  he  will  surmount  the  greatest  difficulty  in  the  He- 
brew language  in  the  space  of  three  months. 

17*  to  beget,  to  bring  forth 

t|7*  to  go,  walk,  Sic. 
TjDMo  enlarge 

JQMo  turn  to  the  right 

py  to  suck 

"ID Mo  lay  the  foundation 
ID*  to  anoint 
tip*  to  add 
ID  Mo  discipline,  chastise 

■)^^Mo  form 

-   T 

"IpMo  burn 
t>pMo  awake 

1p*  to  be  precious,  esteemed 
JJ'p*  to  spread  a  snare 
11*  to  descend 

-T 

tDl*  to  turn  aside 

-T 

Ji^l*  to  possess  (something)  in 

succession 
^l^'i  to  sit 

—    T 

tOC^*  to  extend 

-      T 

DJJ^^  to  waste 


"^1 

to  perish 
to  go  away 

nm 

to  gird 

rn'N 

to  lay  hold  on 

inf{ 

to  delay 
to  eat 

m 
10X 

to  teach 

to  believe 

to  say 

to  be  mortally  diseased 

to  collect 
to  reserve 

niii 

to  treasure  up 

^1^ 

to  lie  in  ambush 

^'Q  after  ^t^\ 

^5!^ 

to  bring 

ti/y  to  dry  up,  to  wither 
l]|*  to  shrink  back  for  fear 

T 

in  Mo  unite 

711*  pihel,  to  expect  patiently 

on*  to  conceive 

3 JO*  to  seem  good 

S*!!)*  to  be  able 


W''  to  sleep 

in*  to  abound,  make  plente- 


ous 


yQ  after  B^Jl 
DDi  to  look  with  expectation 


106 


Sd  J  to  fade  away 

1J3  to  declare 

liji  to  shine,  to  be  luminous 

T  T 

fijli  to  smite 
*1jli  to  diffuse,  pour  out 
t£/y^  to  come  near 

-T 

JB'JIJ  to  oppress 

31^  to  be  liberal 

fjlj  to  drive  or  hurry  away 

*lli  to  vow 

-T 

*]?i  to  boil 

vTJ)  to  distil,  trickle,  flow 

'nyj  to  set  apart,  to  be  seques 

tered 
7tDJ  to  impose,  lay  on 
tjDJ  to  distil  in  drops 
*)^J  to  keep,  to  retain  anger 
C^tOJJ  to  loose,  stretch  out,  for- 

-  T 

sake 
*)3J|  pihel,  to  acknowledge,  to 

estrange* 
^Di  to  recede,  go  back 

-  T 

^pJ  to  pour  out  (as  a  libation) 
ppi  to  climb  up,  to  ascend 
Shi  to  fall 

-  T 

Y^l  to  dissipate,  disperse 

7^^  to  take  away,  to  deliver 

*)^J  to  keep,  preserve 

ip  J  to  perforate,  to  mark,  dis 

tinguish 
D|!3^  to  avenge 
f]pi  to   cut  off 


-     T 

on: 

-  T 

pb} 

-  T 
-    T 

'pr' 


to  bore  a  hole 

to  lay  snares,  to  ensnare 

chald.  to  dash 

to    breathe,     blow,    (as 

ivind) 
to  reach,  to  overtake 
to  bite,  to  damage 
to  remove  by  force 
to  blow 
to  kiss 
to  kindle 
to  be  in  a  state  of  fusion 

^  to  demolish 

to  draw  asunder 

to  be  moved  loosely,  to- 

leap 
chald.  to  flow 
to  pluck  up 

to  place  steadily 

to  pour  out 

to  surround,  to  go  round 

rr  afier  Dip. 

to  make  hollow 
to  despise 

to    be    entangled,    per- 
plexed 

to  discern,  to  understand 
to  trample  upon 
to  be  ashamed,  abashed 


This  is  one  of  those  Roots  which  have  opposite  significations  attached 
to  them,  as  JJf-fp  n-^^  ^Q^. 


tIJI  to  take  off  or  away 

71  jl  to  exult,  leap  for  joy 

fjlJI  to  clap  or  shut  to 

*)1J|  to  sojourn 

Jin  to  fish 

'^)1  to  crush 

Oil  to  be  quiet,  still,  compo' 

sed 
p'l  to  direct,  rule,  judge 
Y)1  to  leap,  spring,  bound 
"nil  to  inhabit,  dwell 
tJ'"!)'^  to  thresh 
^1t  to  gush,  to  issue  out 
lit  to  swell,  be  presumptu- 
ous 
71?  to  be  loose,  vile 
pr  chald.  to  nourish 
*)ir  to  squeeze,  to  be  aliena- 
ted 
Jlir?  to  describe  a  sphere 
nin  to  propose  a  parable 
71  n  to   tremble,  to  be  in  la- 
bour with 
Din  to  spare,  pity 
tJ'in  to  hasten 
^1D  to  be  good 
71£3  to  cast,  send  forth 
U^)tD  to  set  loose,  spread  forth 
713  to  contain,  comprehend 
J13  to  make  ready,  to  fit,  es- 
tablish 
t17  to  turn  aside,  depart 
PI  7  to  hide,  involve,  enwrap 
?17  to  stay,  abide,  remain 
V17  to  scorn,  scoff 


107 

1  mh  to  knead 

JIID  to  dissolve,  melt 
DID  to  slide,  slip  aside 
TjlD  to  decay,  fall  to  decay, 

grow  poor 
71D  to  cut,  to  circumcise 
plO  to  be  dissolved,  to  rot,  to 

pine  or  waste  away 
1)t2  to     change,    alter,    ex- 
change 
tJ^ID  to  decline,  to  remove 
I}1J  to  put  forth,  bud,  germi- 
nate 
11  J)  to  move,  be  agitated 
tJli  to  incline,  bow 
D1J  to  slumber,  doze 
DIJ  to  flee,  wave 
f]1  J  to  reach  out,  stretch  forth 
1^1  J  to  shoot  forth,  or  spring 
JlID  to  recede,  turn  back 
T\)D  to  overspread,  anoint 
fjlD  to  sweep  away,  consume, 

to  finish,  accomplish 
11 D  to  decline,  turn  aside 
J1D  to  fail,  intermit 
p3  to  turn  this  way,  and  that 
pD  to  disperse,  to  burst  open 
p15  to  totter,  stagger 
115  to  break,  burst,  rive 
12^13  to  spread 
11^  to    hunt,   to  catch  side- 
ways 
Dlif  to  be  empty,   to   abstain 
from  meat  and  drink, 
to  fast 


^)'£ 

Dip 
,pp 
Dip 

VP 
^ip 

t^"'1p 

:jn 
nn 
Dn 
fin 

fn 

:3ib^ 

r]itj^ 
Dity 

pity' 

^liy 
fc^ib^ 


108 

to  overflow 

to  press,  distress 

to   bind   close,    besiege, 

oppress 
to  lothe,  nauseate 
to  rise,  stand  up 
to  lament 
to  cut  or  pluck  off 
to  fret,  to  be  fretted 
to    cause  to   spring   up, 

cast  out 
to  spread  a  snare 
to  strive 
to  subdue 

to  be  lifted  up,  exalted 
to  yield,  give  way 
to  run 

to  lack,  be  poor 
to  turn  back 
to  be  or  grow  old 
to  smear  over  with  lime 
to  run  to  and  fro 
to  decline,  turn  aside 
to  fence,  hedge 
to  place,  constitute,  dis 

pose 
to  bruise,    cover,    over 

whelm 
to  desire  earnestly,  have 

eager  appetite 
To  regulate  the  voice  in 

singing,  to  sing 
to  direct,  rule 
to  be  brisk,  active,  spright- 
ly, cheerful,  to  rejoice 


iiri  chald.  to  return 
■)?in  to  go  round,  investigate 
'lO  to  split,  to  plough 
y*"^  to  flower,  blossom 
n^^  to  burn 
*n*P    to  destroy 
pn  to     evacuate,      exhaust, 
draw  forth,  attenuate 
^n,  to  excern,  ooze  with 

1^  GeminatumMfter  ^^D* 
TT^  to  be  all  alone 

TT 

UB  to  spoil,  plunder,  strip 
77*1  to  mix,  confound, destroy 
pp 3  to  make  entirely  empty 

or  waste 
'l*!^  to  clear,  cleanse 
t^J2^3  to  delay,  to  be  tardy 
11 J  chald.    to  assault,  attack 
11 J  to  cut  oneself 
^  ?*jl  to  take  off,  cut  off 
hi]  to  roll 
P^  to  protect,  defend 
IIJ!  to  ruminate,  to  saw 
s^\^^  to  feel,  grope  for 
DUI  to  cause  to  murmur 
151  chald.    11-  to  afflict 
77I  to  be  entirely  exhausted 
D01  to  be  silent,  composed,  to 

expect,  wait  for 
pp"^  to  beat,  to  thresh 
ID?  to  cleanse,  purify 
Dot  to  imagine,  devise,  think 
ppr  to    strain   off,  purify  by 

fusion 
55  n  to  hide,  to  love  ^ 


109 


Jjin  to  dance  round  and  round 

-   T 

in  circles,  celebrate  a 
feast 
*T]n  to   penetrate,  be   sharp, 

acute 
7  7(1  to  make  a  hole,  to  pierce 
or  wound,  vitiate,  pro- 
fane, begin 
Dttrr  to  be  or  grow  warm 

7jn  to  be  gracious 
wl^in  to  cover,  shelter 
r^n  to  divide  into  shares,  to 

dart 
ppO  ^^    mark,   delineate,   de- 
fine, determine,  or  decree 
^"in  to  burn,  to  be  parched, 

dry 
7 /D  to  cover,  shelter 
"T1^  to  cast  forth,  project 
7/2  to   hold,    contain,    com- 

-     T 

prehend 
DpD  to  reckon,  number,  count 
vlD3  to  bow,  bend  down 
^*1D  the  same  as  JUlH- 
pp 7  to  lick  with  the  tongue 

nip  to   measure,    lengthened 

out 
DDO  to  slide,  be  disabled 
TjDD  to  decay,  be  impoverished 

7  7p  to  speak  articulately,  to 

talk 
DDO  to  melt,  be  dissolved 

-     T 

yyp  to  squeeze,  wring 
ppD  to  rot,  pme,  waste  away 
*1*10  to  be  very  bitter 
tS^'^'D  to  feel,  to  search 


Dp^  to  erect,  or  display 
35p  to  turn,  encompass 
^5p  to  cover,  protect 
7  7p  to  raise,  or  cast   up  on 

high 
^"np  to  be  rebellious,  refrac* 
tory 
t?|)   to      be       consolidated, 
strengthened 
7  73  to  pronounce  or  execute 
judgment,     intercede, 
mediate,  pray 
Dps  to  diminish,  fail 
nnS  to  partor  divide  minutely 
7  7^  to    shade,     overshadow, 
tingle  or  sound,  {as  th» 
ears,)  quaver,  dart  into 
the  deep 
"Tiy  to  bind   up   closely,  be- 
siege,  distress,   afflict 
exceedingly 
^5p  to  curse,  execrate 
Tip  to  bow    down  the  head 

77p  to  be  vile,  to  curse,  blas- 
pheme 
f^P  to  build  a  nest 
*f  >P  to  fret,  lacerate,  harass 

'I'lp  to   grow  frigid,  to  con- 
geal 
I2^^j^  to  collect,  pick  up 
^5")  to  be  many,  to  multiply, 

to  shoot 
1*1*1  to  subdue  entirely 
tjpl  to  be  soft,  tender,  deli- 
cate 


no 


D)0*n  to  raise  on  high,  exalt 
or  extol 
P*l  to  exult,  shout,  sing 

DD"1  to  moisten,  temper  with 
moisture 

Y)i^  to  dash,  bruise  by  col- 
lision 

pp^  to  spue,  spue  out 
ti/\i/1  to  lack,  be  in  want,  be 
reduced    to    extreme 
poverty 

!l^^  to  err,  transgress  through 

-    T 

mistake 

"11  tl^  to  shatter  to  pieces,  de- 
stroy 

11\i^  to  lime,  smear  over  with 

-  T 

lime 

tl^ti^"  to  assuage,  subside 

77t:^'  to  strip  off,  spoil 

DD!^  to  be  desolate  and  waste, 
be    amazed    or    asto- 
nished 
ntJ;  to  whet,  sharpen 

DD^*  to  tear  in  pieces,  to  pil- 
lage 

nptJ'  to  rush  forward  violently 

^"ih  to  rule,  hold  dominion 
jyfl  to  cut,  to  shake  off 

SSn  to  overhang,  be  heaped 
up 
to  perfect 


T    T 
T      T 

mi 

T     T 

NT 

••T 
T      T 

T     : 


DDH 


N'6  a/i:er  N^O. 

to  devise  of  himself  alone 
to  speak  rashly,  foolishly 
chald.  to  wear  out,  con- 
sume 


T     T 
T     T 


Nip 

T    T 


to  create 

to  sup  up,  swallow 

to    crush,    tread    down, 
humble,  oppress 

to  sprout  forth,  germinate 

to  hide,  conceal 

to  deviate  from,  miss,  sin, 
offend 

to  pollute,  defile 

to  fear,  to  venerate,  reve- 
rence 

to  separate,  restrict,  re- 
frain 
to     clap    together    (the 
hands) 

chald.  to  reach  unto 

to  be  full,  to  complete 
to  find,  meet  with,  obtain, 

procure,    to     supply, 

suffice 
to  raise  or  swell  up 
to  prophecy 
to  drink  hard,  guzzle 
to  be  compared 
to      be      extraordinary, 

wonderful 
chald.  to  will,  be  desirous 
to  assemble  (in  troops) 

chald.  to  pray,  supplicate 

to  thirst 

to  be  hot,  inflamed,  burn 
with  zeal,  jealousy 

to  be  congealed,  con- 
densed 

to  call,  meet,  name,  pro- 
nounce, announce 


Ill 


i^^l  to   restore   to    a   former 

T      T 

State,  to  heal 
^{V*1  to  run 

T      T 

^JJ1C^  chald.   to   expatiate,  in- 
crease 

f<^y*^  chald.   to  finish,    com 
j>lete 

N^tr  to  hate,  dislike 

^"ll^  chald.  to  dwell,  remain 


TT'h  after  nhy- 

■^  T    T 


nt-J  to  contemn,  slight 
HDD  to  weep,  bewail 

r 

n  73  to  wear  out,  waste  away 
nji  to  build 

T  T 

ni3  to  feed,  eat 

il?}  to    remove,  carry  away, 

discover,  reveal 
rr^il  to  excite,  move,  stir  up 
nil'l  to  multiply 
n*!"!  to  step,  march  on  slowh 
nri'l  to  drive,  impel,  push 
riD*!  to  break  in  pieces,  bruise 
n?"!  to  draw,  exhaust,  exalt 

T       T  '  ' 

riQ'l  to     make    equable, 

equal,    to    put    on   a 
level,  compare 
nOf  to  clear,  clean,  pure 
njr  to  commit  whoredom 

TT 

JTir  to  scatter,  ventilate,  win 

now 
il'2tl  to  hide 

T    T 

nin  to  brighten,  exhilarate 
ilin  to  fix,  see,  behold 
n^|l  to  wait,  expect 


or 


rrprr  to  be  languid,  faint,  sick 
afflicted,  grieved,  con- 
cerned 
il^tl  to  fix,  pitch 

npn  to  shelter,  hope,  trust 

ntjH  to  cover,  veil 

nyn  to  part,  divide 

np^n  to    imprint,    incide,    en- 
grave 

n'lfl  to  burn  with  anger,  grief, 

or  zeal 

nt^n  to  be  silent,  inactive 
nrin  to  keep  fire  active,  light- 
ed 01-  in  a  smoke  by  the 
constant  access  of  fresh 
air 

(inD  to  impel,  drive  forward 
n^D  to  extinguish,  quench 
(173  to  finish,  bring  to  nought 
nOD  to  be  hot  with  desire,  to 

pant 
njD  to  surname 
HDD  to  cover,  veil,  conceal 
lisp  to  curve,  bend,  appease^ 
rriD  to  cut,  dig,  cut  out 
n^D  to  cover,  be  inclosed 
nnp  to  wipe  clean,  blot  out 
njp  to     distribute,    compute, 
reckon    up,    appoint, 
assign,  ordain 
nOO  to  melt,  dissolve 
T\1{^  to  squeeze,  press,  wring 

out 
rr^^  to  resist,  rebel,  disobey 
nC'D  to   draw  out  or    forth, 
withdraw,  remove 


TT 


T     T 
T     T 


n73 

T   T 


T  T 


to  remove,    reject,    cast 

out  or  away 
to  lead,  guide,  diffuse 

to  complete,  consummate 
to    sweep,    remove,    de- 
molish 
to  strew,  be  valued,  com- 
pared 
to    scrape,     sweep     to- 
gether or  away 
to  separate,  deliver 
to  run  out,  be  diffused 

to   separate,  distinguish 
judge,  intercede,  me- 
diate 
to  turn,  advert,  look  to 

provide,  prepare 
to  let  loose,  to  open 
to  bear  or  produce  fruit 
to  spread,  diffuse 
to  draw  aside,  withdraw, 
persuade,    entice,    se- 
duce 
to  swell,  grow  turgid 
to  lie  in  wait,  to  hunt 
to  roast,  toast,  bake 
to    overspread,    survey 
look      around,      con- 
template, watch,  wait 
for 
to  roast,  parch,  fry 

to  hold,  contain,  possess, 
get,  gain,  acquire 

to  make  an  extremity  or 
end,  to  cut  off,  scrape 


112 


T      T 

T      T 
T     T 

nn 

T     T 

T      T 


T     T 


T     T 
T     T 

T     T 

rthb 

T     T 

It  t 


to  meet,  join,  light  upon 
occur,  befal,  happen 

to  be  stiff,  rigid,  stud- 
born,  hard 

to  become  many  or  grea^, 
increase,  multiply, 
magnify 

to  subdue,  bring  imder 
subjection 

to  be  wet,  satiated 

to  diminish,  waste,  mafte 
lean 

to  cast,  throw,  deceive 

to  sound 

to  give  way,  assuage, 
dissolve,  be  feeble,  re- 
miss, idle 

to  be  pleased  with,  ac- 
cept 

to  lead  captive 

to  wander,  err,  trans- 
gress 

to  incline,  to  bend,  bow 

to  swim 

to  decline,  go  aside 

to  be  like,  resemble, 
view,  look 

to  be  quiet,  secure, 
happy 

to  iterate,  repeat,  change 

to  rob,  pillage 

to  be  eminent,  exalted, 
to  be  broken,  craggy 

to  irrigate,  wet,  moisten 
water,  give  drink  to 

to  loose 


113 


I  TV^^  to  be  strong 

njlB'  to  drink,  swallow  liquids 
,  rr^n  to  hang,  suspend 
njjll  to  hire,  to  wail 

Class  1. 

!i.  t^'f)  with  ny- 
JjniJ  to  love 
/HK  io  pach  a  tent 

,,  2.  N*fl  wVA  V'lr. 

I? 

V1{<  to  urge,  hasten 

''Sfc?  to  be  light,  to  shine 

3.  N'D  with  ]^  geminatum. 

^|D^<  to  face  on  all  sides,  sur 
round,  encompass 

*1*1i<  to  curse,  curse  greatly 
1  tS'tS'N  to  behave  like  men,  to  be 
on  fire,  to  be  grieved 

4.  i<"fi  with  n*7. 

n!}t<  to  be  willing 
niN  to  desire,  covet,  lust  after 
t]/H  to     curse,    denounce    a 

curse 
n^X  to  occur,  to  happen 
tlhk  to  bake 

T     T 

n*lN  to  gather,  pluck  off,  crop 
IJiriN  to  come 

T     T 

5.  N"iD  «n7A  rr'S. 

mSk  to  be  filthy,  putrid 


n^K  to  sigh,  groan 
n"lX  to  go  in  a  track  or  high 
road 

Class  2. 

^N*  to  desire  earnestly 
'^KMo    determine,     consent, 
begin 

lifH^  to  despair  of 

DX^  to  consent,  agree 

2.  ♦'^iJ  with  n'T. 

^n*  chald.  to  give 
nn*  to  judaize,  becamea  Jew 
in  religion. 

3.  ♦'^£3  with  ^  geminatum.     * 

^5*  to  cry  out  aloud,  exclaim 
"1"!^  to  cast,  cast  forth,  cast 

out 
77*  to  howl,  to  yell 

4.  ♦''fl  with  N'-'b. 

}<V^  to  come  or  go  forth 
^?'^*  to  fear,  venerate,  respect 

5.  ^"5  wiV/i  n*7'  * 

njl*  to  afilict,  grieve,  humble 
m*  to  confess,  praise,   wor- 
ship 
iiy  to  press,  oppress,  afflict 


IH 


nS*  to  be  fair,  beautiful 
f7-<^  to  direct,  point  forward, 
guide,  teach,  regulate, 
aim 
il\^i  ^t  verb  imp.  substant.  is, 

T    T 

are,  was,  were 
6.  ♦'■'fl  with  JT'S- 

nD*  to  pound,  beat 
DV^  to  burn  or  be  burned 

-  T 

7.  »"D  with  T)J' 

1J^»  to  appoint,  constitute 

\)^'>  to  be  strong 

tO^^  to  cover;  chald.  tocoun 
sel,  advise 

7i7*  to  profit,  benefit 

t\))''  to  dissolve,   melt,  dissi- 
pate, be  tired,  spent 

V)^'>  to  advise,  give  counsel 

8.  '>"^  with  r\'h' 

hD*  to  prove,  argue,  reprove 
ny  to  place,   settle,  permit. 

give  leave 
nfi*  to  breathe  or  blow 

-  T 

9.  *"fl    with  1?*7. 

y^*  to  labour,  be  weary  with 

labour 
^'V  to  perceive,  know,  take 

notice  of 
^i)*  to  shine,  shine  forth 
J?V*  to  spread  out,  as  a  bed 


);n»  to  strain,  distend,  hang 

up 
i;*n»  to  displease,  hurl 
i^tJ'Mo  keep,  save 

Class  3. 
1.  y^  with  y  Geminatum. 

mi  to  be  in  motion,  unsettled 

-T 

condition 
V»Vi  to  shoot  out,  to  sparkle 

2.  yfj  with  N*7. 

J<ti^J  to  bear,  take  up,  suffice, 
contain,  lay  on,  carry, 
bring,  obtain,  bear 
sin,  forbear,  forgive 

Kl^^  to  elate,  puff  up,  deceive 

T     T 

3.  YQ  with  n*S. 

nti  to      leap,      spurt     outv; 

TT 

sprinkle 

HDi  to  stretch,  stretch  out  or 
forth,  tend,  verge,  de- 
cline, incline 

|l!Di  to  smite 

riD^  to  attempt,  prove,  tempt 

nifJ  to   shoot,    rush    or    flee 

T    T 

away 
HDi  to  clear,  be  clear,  inno- 

It  t 

cent 
nt2^'i  to  be  remiss,  to  forget, 

T      T 

lend 
4.  yQ  with  n*7.   3. 
nni  to  descend,  come  doMm 

-  T 


lis 


T)tSfi  to  fail,  perish 
|nj  to  give,  to  permit 

5.  Defective  Q  with  W'^or]?"^. 

^p4  ^^  procure,  bring,  take, 

marry 
Vtj7  to  grind  to  pieces 
nJJ  to  push  or  butt  with  the 

horns 
tl"!^  to  thrust,  impel 
HDJ  to  pull  away 
n5J  to  breathe,  blow 
n/1^  Pihel.  to  cut  in  pieces 

6.  y^i  with  }?"h. 

1^53  to  gush,  spring,  bubble 
out  or  up 

yy^  to  touch 

VpJ  to  plant,  fix,  unfix 

yoy  to  remove 

VO^  to  be  strained,  disjointed 

Class  4. 
I.  I'tD  after  VT  or  \ 

^1/1  chald.  to  go,  come 
01(1  to  tumultuate 
pn  to  be  ready,  prompt,  pre- 


sent oneself 

2.  yti  with  vy. 


Dll^  to  be  thick,  gross 
^li^  to  bake  upon  the  coals 
"tiy  to  bear  witness,  testify' 
\)}f  to   hasten,    removQ  ^j^h 
haste 


JO*^  to  rush  impetuously  upon, 
or  fly  upon 

fllj?  to  vibrate,  to  flutter,  fly, 
fly  away 

Y^y  to  consult 

p)V  to  confine,  contract,  com- 
press, squeeze 

ny  to  raise,  lift  up  oneself, 
rouse  oneself,  stir  up 

^11^  to  come  together,  to  as- 
semble 

3.  Y];   or  tl'h. 

tl)y  to  break,  burst  or  thrust 
forth 

nn  to  drive,  impel,  push 

niD  to  overlay,  cover  over 
the  surface 

mj  to  rest  or  settle  after  mo- 
tion, to  giv€  rest 

ril3  to  expand,  spread  out, 
dilate 

n*1  to    inspire    in    smelling, 
snufi",  snift,  breathe  in 
ni^  to  incline,  bow,  stoop 
mii^  to  meditate,  reflect  deep- 
ly, complain  }■. 

4.  Vr  tvith  ^"h. 

l?1t  to    move,     stii;;,,     shake, 

tremble 
^)7  to  lick  up,  absorb,  swal- 
low down  ^ 
i?1j  to  move,  stagger 
y^'^)  to  be  evil,  wicked  ' 
\  Vn  to  break,  to  shout 


lift 


}}^tif  to  cry  aloud,  shout 

6.  Vi;   ivith  n"S. 

JTlO  to  die 

JTltS^  to  set,  place,  settle,  dis 
pose,  constitute,  ap- 
point, put. 

Class  5. 

1.  ^"^  with  ]^    Geminaium 

7711  to  exalt,  irradiate,  shine, 

-  T 

to  be  mad 
DDH  to    rout,    crush,    defeat, 

-  T 

confound 
Dt^n  to    consult    or    meditate 

-      T 

mischief 

2.  ]^"Q  with  ^  Geminatum. 

"t"Tj^  to  preserve,  or  continue 
still,  uphold 
tf]}  to  be    strong,   vigorous, 
to  prevail 
^hV  to     ascend      repeatedly, 
glean,     do,     perform, 
effect 
SSl^  chald.    to    enter,    go   or 

come  in 
DDi^  to  hide,  conceal,  obscure 
i^OV  to  tread    down,   trample 

under  feet 
t^l^V  to  consume,  decay,  waste 
away 


nn^  to  be  white,  clear,  pale 
nnti'  to  bow,to  prostrate  oneself 

4.  ^    Geminatum  with  H*  7. 

nnn  to  be  broken 

!ir\2  to  pound  into  small  pieces 

Class  6. 
1.  VT  with  K"S. 

i<l3  to  come,  go,  set,  as  the 

sun 
N"i£3  to  sweep,  sweep  repeat- 
edly 
J^lj  to  fail,  disannul,  break, 

discourage 
}<1p  to  vomit,  spue  out 

Class  7. 

1.  n"«3  with  r\"h. 

njin  to  meditate,  utter 

T    T 

nir\  to   send,   thrust   or   dart 
forth 
nirr  to  be,  subsist,    continue 

I-    T 

T]\n  to  be  sleepy,  drowsy 
rrn  to    be,     exist,     remain, 

T    T 

continue 

nOn  to  tumultuate,  be  turbu- 
lent 

T^Oil  to  hush  into  silence,  to 

T      • 

be  silent 
n*in  to  protuberate,  be  preg- 
nant 


3.  ^    Geminaium  with  n"7. 

be  pluckt 
separated 


2.  r^fi  with  n'^S-       # 

nnt  to  be  plucked  away  or\  HD:^  to  be  thick,  gross,  dense, 

compact 


117 


nnV  to  put  on,  to  adorn 

tlDJL^  to  throw,  wrap,  put  a 
covering  upon,  over- 
spread 

n?^  to  ascend,  mount  up- 
wards 

t^^V  to  act  upon,  affect, 
answer,  force,  afflict 

nVl?  to  fix  or  shut 

T     T 

t^'yj  to  bare,    make  bare,   un 
cover,      strip,     make 
naked,    empty,    pour 
out 

TW^  to  do,  make,  perform 

3.  N^a»  with  r\"h. 

ni^JI  to  increase,  rise,    swell, 

to  be  exalted,  proud 
HN"!  to  fly 

HND  to   bruise,    break,    heat, 

beat  down 
riNI?  to   be   weary,    tired,   to 

faint 
ni^j  to  be  beautiful 

T     T 

ilN'l  to  see,   understand,  per- 
ceive 

HNt^  to  be  confounded,  con- 
fused, destroyed,   de 
solate 

HNil  to  limit,  bound,  restrain, 
prescribe  to 


4.  rry  wUh  H"b- 

till}  to  repair,  restore  to  a 
former  state,  heal  en- 
tirely 


ri!l3  to      restrain,       repress, 

shrink,  contract 
nrr?  to  be  insane,  to  rage 
^hb  to  delay,  dally 
i^i^^  to  lament,  bewail 
nJll^  to  be  blunt,  set  on  edge 
un")  to  be  irresolute,  waver- 
ing through  fear 

5.  Y^  or  ♦  with  ^''^. 

nVl  to  be  languid,  feel  great 
pain 

n^r?  to  declare,  discover,  show 
n^n  to  live 

T  T 

nVJ  to  spin 

ni3  to   burn,    scorch,    to  be 
burned 

T^^b  to  join,    add,  associate, 
to  borrow 

nij  to  dwell,  reside 

niy  to  command,  order,   or- 
dain 

nij^  to  stretch,  to  expect  ear- 
nestly 
nj^'  to    make    equal,    plain, 

level,  smooth 
(IJfl  to  mark,  make  a  mark 
mri  chald.  to  tremble,  be  ter- 
rifled 

6.  1^  Geminatum  with  tl'^h- 


niJS  to  gush  out,  bubble  out 
n^J  to  low  or  bellow 
tl^O  to  err,   deviate  from  a 
way 


118 


ilVQ  to    swell  with   blowing, 

T    T 

to  cry  out 
n^lf  to     spread,   stretch    out, 

strew ,  throw  down 
nyi  to  feed,  tend,  teach 
i^y^  to  look,  regard,  delight 

respect 
ili^il  to  err,^  wander,  go  astray 

err  greatly 


Class  8. 
\.  ^"Q  with  n"h' 

n^V  to  twine,  entwine,   con»- 

plicate 
il^^  to  shine,  look  glossy 

2.  ^"^  with  n^h- 

nj^^  to  disturb,  affrigbt 


n  1  V  m  2 

CAPUT  I.     l« 

|T    T  ;■  ■(.-    T       -  ,-•  rt-  JT  T  V  "^A    "■ 

Dinn  'js-Si;  ntrm  ^nin  i,in  nn^n  p^m     =    2 
d^jtSn  npNn_  :  D^j^n  ':^'7V  ritpnnp  D^riSi^  nnj  a 

■:f:  •    -.1- T  :rtT  t|jt      |  v     ».    -    :  t  < 

"^d  :  inN  DV  npD-'nn 

Sn;iD  ^'^n  D^^^  'n'iri^  i^^pn  ^'l»  a\iSN*  n,!:Kn  e 

•   :    -         -I'       ;  ViT    -  I      -J     :        -     K-    T        r    :  v;  v         j- 

rs  Sinn  i/'pin-riN*  D'n^«  trrn  :  d^^dS  d^d  r^  7 
■♦nn  D*o:r"  wnS  d^hSn*  Nnpn  :  p-'nn  y»piS  8 

•    :|-  -rtT    T      "^    Ik-    TIT  •;■         v:  it):      -  I  i"  •    :|  -      -     I^-tit 

£3  :  ^yc*-DV  npb■^'ln  nnr 

-Sn  b'P'^^n  i^Hj!!^^  D'^n  iip*  O'hhiji  i^iVn  9 
I  d^hSn*  ^<npn  :  p-^nn  nL'a\n  nNnm  niiN*  oipD  ♦ 

<•        v:  t):    •-        11"  •    ;i-      at     t —  i..-    t  i-  :  t    v  )jt 

d^hSk  N*nn  D's^  N*ip  D^sn  nipoSi  rn^  ns:»3^S 

V-         v:  W--  A"         -it)t  1,-    -  ;-|;      •    :  |      v  v  t      t-- 

n^^j;  NT'i  f  I.N*?  ^Pl0  D^riS^^  "^p^J■n.  :  nitp-p  u 

1.  :  -  V     -:  ■     :  '  :  V     <  •  :       p    j-  -v      -      j-  :  - 

-     <•:    -  V    J'-  V       V    I      V  t   t  -  I  I"  :|-    |      •.■^r    t  - 

rt"      •    ;  1.  :-  ;v     -:         •;•  :  v      i       I  s-    :  ••       ■    : 

DV  nph"»nn  anr"N'in    :  :jid-o  dniSn  Nnma 

|v  (.         ■    a-  •:)■■■  •    :r  i  •  r        v:  :;— 

£3      n  t  ♦jr'7B^ 


CAP.  I.  N  n^trKn^j 
ID  'h^  ynnh  D^Dtrn  r^pns  n'-iiNoS  vni  :  D'y^\ 

I     V  IT    T  -  I.-    T    :  AT    T     -     -     /j-    :  •  I-        v:         vt  Ir-   •- 

18  w'nn  v'2)  niNH  ps  SnnnST  nS^^n-i  di^3  '7b^DS> 

I V    rt     -      I  J"  1.    T     I    ;••  •  ;    -    :    I  t  :  -    -  j  -  :     •    : 

19  tDV  npb-'nn  :iii^-»nn   :  niD-'3  D*nS«  j<nn 
D  ^ir^  n^D  2^'&^  riF  ^.^-^  ''j^lF.*  D'ri'^??  ^9^^*!! 

JT  -  _i-  vjv  T  J-    :  rt-         :    -  ^.     ■    -     - 

qir-^D  nki  Dn'yo7  D^^rr  liij^'  ^:*^;x  ntrDhrr 

I     <;  T  ••   :  V      ••     r    :  •    -   -  ,      =  '"^  v      -:  v     v        it 

I'        v;        viT  )    VST  ii-  I  •  (.■        v:  :j —  ••      ■    :       )tt 

I     I.     T    :  •  --  -    -  ...  <    :      •  :  j  :  rt         " 

23  £3     :  ^£r■^t2r^  dv  npn"^nn  ::nr"^1n  :  rn&{:n  dt 

r         ■    -:  J         ).■    1.  •    ;i-  v>.-  •_  :|-  |      vit  t  v>- 

24riVP^  *^l^  ^S-?  r'l-^C'  ^*^"^^  o'n'^i^  ^^^^'^ 

-J —  I  !••         •    ;i-         AT     •     :       I     v^v  :  1-  :  v  -yv  t         jt   ■■    : 

-♦3  D\iSK  Knn  inroS  HDiiVn  tJ^on-S^  nN*i 

r         v;  :; —  A-       •    :  >.t.     t -:  it  :■   y:         t  .;.•  : 

26  i^nionD  I2t2h)i2  Dii<  nt^r:  D'piSj^  nDN*n  :  ::id 

■""  A"  :   ■  I,-    ;    -    :  -^t  t  ;v     -:i-  -         r:  v        j-  1 

"Sd.:;ii  hon^^*!  ^'Pf^  ^"jiy^i  D^'l  n)i:i  hy) 

T  :     •  -  )         -.IT    T  -  /-IT  V      IV  T  T     :  I        VT     T 

ini^  Kn:3  B'rihn  D7vn  idS^^d  cnj^n-nN  i  d'hSk 

A  -ITT  I,-         v:  V  ;v    :  :    -   :  ttit  v  <•         ■:; 

28  *ipi<'')  D^nSx  DDK  rin^n  :  onx  ^7:1  nDp:ii  no.t 

•  -  •         v:  T  I    vjt:i-  it  ;t  t  i,tI":  ^t't 

T  Av     i   •   :      I'     v^T  T  V  J    :     •  -J     i  I  :  •        vi  U  Tr 


GENESIS,  CAP.  1,  2.    3  i< 

"ni<  dSS  mh^  nin  d^hSn  iD^n   t  n^<^■Sr29: 

CAPUT  2.     1 

D'r\hi<  r]^y)  :  nb^y  nc^'N*  ijipN^p-^3p  'i*'?:^'n  3 
"Sdd  nn^'  15  o  iriK  Dnpn.  ^roti^'n  DV"nN* 

CD10  D^njrin  nN^'^>  D'o:!'r7  ninSin  m^n*     4 

^      AT      .  IT  .  I        .  IT     T      .  •■;-     T       -  S  ;  I  VJ- 

-"       -•  •  f        '■''■'      *■'  '■'■     •'"'  •      ■■'   • 

Ditp  rri.^n  :it!^r-'?:Di  tns^D  n^'^»  onto  nib*n 

•J-  I.-    T  .       ;..  T     :  J         V  T     T  J-.-    :    I-  ■.<■•■  IV  T       - 

■,    ?  >  q  IT    T -:  IT  V  i.   -:,-        ]  ■'- 

•  '^  •  '  T         T  -.   IT  »      ■  T      T  T     T     IT 

fin  r|iri5  b^^hp  r^.l  ^J^p'?  :31m  riNipS 


*  CAP.  2, 3.  ^2  n»tyKn3 

11  Dir'  :  D^tj^Nn  ny^nxS  n»ni  iSs*  biroi  nn"nK 

i2Dtr'  DID  Ninn  Y"^^^  ^nri    :  nntn  dij^'tj^k. 
Nin  'ronn  nn:ini  iit!'j<  noip  TiSnn  Kin  bp'in 

J        r      •       :iT  JT  T   -    :  rt     -  -J-      '.I-       U-        I-  ■!  (•••   V   • 

I-  :  J- rtT  T  IT       ^   V  t-        v:         IT      :         )j--  it: 

-  ■         v:  JT       :  -   :-  it  :     t     :  v.t  :    t    :         I    v^- 

I      "      ■•  I-  /       T         Kt  -  I      I"  J       ■  rt  ■'  IT    T   IT 

I  :    T  -:    ^         ■;  :  •  A-'    '  >."  j'^tt  j  --- 

•;  I  •        v:         JT       :  V  -  IT  t  (,•.•• 

ignvn    :  ii:ijd  nrr  iS-nb'i;N*  n^S  Dixn  nvn 

V  •  -  I  :  V    :  vi.-  y^  V      •.-.iv  A"    :  it  t  it  ;  v: 
T            ••    :             V  t     -        < —           T            T     T  -;  IT     I     •                •         v:          t       ; 

ft  t|:   •  -  V     :  ■  T  T  JT  ••    T-         .   _     T    -  I    *j 

:  io:r'  iXin  n*n  sr'D:i  oixn  iS-j^'ip^  n^N*  ^ji 
D  D'o^'n  niySi  noHDH-SiDS  nist:^'  din.i  Nnpn 

•   -    T     -           )    J     :                  T    •■     :     -           T    :                                         t  t    it  t|:    •- 

1  :  V  :  V  V-  ^T   T  I  T  T    ;  ^■.-  t    -         j i.    : 

21  npn  v^'>^^  Dn^?n-Sr  nDiin  i  d^hSn  riin»  SVi 

I IrtT      ■-  IT  T  IT  "i-         ;t     ■■     :  -  I-        :•:  t      :  ••  — 

nt2^'NS  DnN^n-ra  npS-i:^'^  rW.Tnx  i  D^i7^< 

/,T      ■   :  1.TTIT      I    •  );-T  V     -:  ■;t  ••   -  v  j-         •.•; 

23  Di^i^  orsn  riN?  biN*n  id^')  :  DnN*n-7N  nN*Dn 

V  V<  -     -     -  J  T  T    IT  V  -  \T   T  IT  V         T  I. V     •      :  - 

{r>No  »3  nti^"i<  Nnp'  nN*rS  nti^^D  ntj^ni  »DvrD 

(.•••;•  T      •  j-It  ■  ;  A' T     :     ■  IT    T  -    r   -:  I" 

""      rt    •  >.•  T  V  T  -.1-     I  ••        <-  IT  Hi-.. 

V  ••  :  <  ;  I"  -  IT    V  ;t    T   :  1.  T   :  :       •    r       (    j-    t  : 

:  it^'^'^n^  ah)  inij'N"!  dikh  D^^nr 

IT         :    •  \,    :        rt    :      •    i  t.T  r   it  -: 

CAPUT  3.    ;| 

VT    T  ;v     -:  V  t    -  a-  -  ■  r         jr  t  t  t'  —  ^ 


GENESIS    CAP.  3.    J 

Nnm    :  rni  niD  »r"i»  D^rtSNO  nn'^n}.  Dp^rr  e 
jnrn.  Sp^ni  insp  nfp.ni  ybi^r^)  fi^n  -ipri^i 

.....  J..      ..  T    ;    |-    T      •    -  I  ^"f  '^ 

iritr'Ni  Dixn  N?nnn.  DVn  nn'?  1^5  i^^^f^f^ 

DH^n  np^^;^  :  riV?N  ^^igP'^^J?  '^'p^^  T?'^>'  ^^ 

ri'TP  V^^.^rP.  ^'""r  '^^^  '"^^i^^  ^-'^  '^^^- 
n^jrv  ni^rnp  ng^xS  D^rtSx  n-in;  npNn_  :  Sp^j  is 

nin^'npx'n  :  Sdnv^xth  tifmn  n^xn  ^-)gi<h]  u 

rim  nnK  n^^t  n^iry  \d  &n2n-Si\*  1  D^riS^ 

T]^n  n^nr':':??  nn^n  rvn  Sippi  nonpn-Spp 

nSn'  DVgi  tiV"^?!  T]ii::vy  n?")>{  nsnn  im 


CAP.  3,  4.    "]  ^  n'tt'J^n!! 

(•.■:•  |j   :         T     :    -    T  j-  -    t  jt  t    : 

niiSDNn  rinvrn  nnnr:i  noij^n  nnnN  i:iaD 

TV   -:         I         I  T    •     :  I  V  -:i-  t     t -:  rT  <t  -:  ^v    ' 

19  -ir  onS  SoiVn  ^^iDiX  n^D    :  nntrn  :iw"nj< 

<-  V  V  -         J  I     V    -  <-  ••   :  IV  T    -  V  )■■ 

T      -  JT    T  r         T      :     ||^T.  TIV       •  ^'  T      T  -."JT  V  I    :         I 

rtT  -  I     :      ■  ;  •  ./TT  IT  ST)  :  •  -  it  vt   t  v    : 

T       :  IT  T  ;•■  1.T  :iT  r  ■)• 

I"     •    ;  -  -  I.  ^    :    T  ■;     :       •    :  jt  t    i 

22n^1  nnj^rr  rn  o^nSx  nin»  i  nDN^n 

TT  T    T  IT  I<-  •  V;  JT  .  V  J- 

IT  rhdn^  i  r}T\v^  r"Ti  :31d  nr'^S  iji^d  tins 

T  J-    ■■      •        I  V  JT    -    :  rtTT  J  -    I-  T  V      •  J-    -    : 

.^..  ;    _    .,_  n-        ;        >-   T        1.-  T   :  •  -  1-      I  J"   ••    ^      -<        |-  T  : 

;v    -:  T    T-;jT  V  -;i-       I    v^'     •-    •  *.•        v:  rr      t 

}-:  ■:}■;    ■       !••     :     --  rt^  t  it  v  vi.t:i-'  |t  K- \ 

CAPUT  4.     -T 

j<  "rSni  ^^r^h^  int!^><  nin-nx  r^  onNni 

2  f^pni  :  nini'n?;}  tr'^K  ^no,^  "ipNni  y.\>'r\^ 

3  pp  XDfi  d^d:  rf5.p  \np.  ;  ngni<  -i^ir  .th  ppi 

.;  -  V-    ••  V   V    :  IT        I-  VT  ;    ■  -jt    t  -;  it        j-  :     • 


GENESIS    CAP.    4.     1. 

.•     :  ...  <  -:  I  IV  T  ;    :  IT  t  ^t  :       |  t  tjt 

inpit:^n  ^'hh^  r^i  nxtsn  nnsS  D»D*)n  iih  dni 

■    :i  -         rt'     T  V  J  .•    .'••',"  I  >.-  ■••         /  -  it:-  it    -   : 

:  )ny^r\')  vhK  Sdh-^^^  vp  opn  nit^'s  onvn:: 

,..    .  _, —         ^.     T  v;.-  V       I    |v-         )t;t-  V  t    -  jt  :    r 

J  -         I    rt-     T  .JV  I-         I  •)-  t        :  .•         <- 

Sip  n^c^r  HD  nDNn  :  oiK  ^nx  notrn  ^nri*  ♦ 

|<  T       rt'      T  JV  •••  1.  -  -IT  V      T  )■■  -:  ■  -T 

T         •  JT    :    IT  J-.-      -:  T      T  -:  IT       I    •  t  ^t  j   t 

nDiiVn-riK  i^^n  ♦d  :  ^i'd  ^»ni<  ♦oTn^nnpS  12 

T        T-.JT  V  *:  I-  <■•  I     IVT    •  I       I.-      T  A-        :  V  -     )y-T 

iD.^n  MnxD  n^nn  -lii  rj  n^  nnb-nn  w^idh-n^S  13 

;-  I        VITT  )■:     :       I'  ITT  1,T  I^T  \.T  ••  \  I-  1 

T    :        -■        1    ••  I      ;    •  V     -:  rr  ^t^     :  v        1  ■  K- 

r:i  ^n^^'ni  nnoK  ^^jsoi  nbii^n  ^J3  '3j;o  di\i 

<T  •     •    t    :  rt"  T    V  I  kV   T    •  T      T  -:  IT        J.-    :  -    •• 

T      :        J  V         s-  I-    :-i-       V     ;     I  T         ;t  T    :      I      V  T    T  Tt 

Yph  nvn\  D'^])  npj.  wn^^i^  ]'p_  yyh'h^  pS 
♦^•3^0  vp  i^T)  :  ixvo"Sd  in}<  -rii^n  »nbaS  ni{<  is 

J-  :    •     •      I  ■]<.-        ■■!■■-  I    :    I  TV  \    -        )■     :     ■    : 

n»i;  nj3  \nn  ni^n  tin  iSni  nnni  inra-ni* 
rtijiriS  "iSvi  :  tii^n  1:3  or'D  n^rn  otr'  i^-ipn  is 

I         -:  I-         <•■  T-  -  I     I    -:  I    :  i.-    •  ■     t  j--  tI:  i- 

-  T  •.•     T   •     :  rt-  T      I     :  V  i-  t  "f    '     =.  "f    • 

lS-npn  :tio7Tik  "tS»  SNtrmoi  S^i:r1nD-n^*  19 

t  I  -  ■  -  I    V  IT  V  J  -   T  !,■•  T  1      :  ••     T         J      : 

V     t  J"  •      -;        _         TT  J  rtTT  V  ITT  V  y   - 

iriDh-SD  ON*  n^n  xin  Snv  vn^  nm  :njpoi2i 

y  T  •   -:  T  T  J  AT  IT  )■■     :  ,:\  :    ' 

yb  h':i^n'r\^  h-^h'  ^<1^-DJ  nSvi  :djiii;i  -11:322 

I  •  I  -  -       J  T ;  IT  -  JT   •    :  '"^  .       =  ^    ■ 

?»p-SDin  ninxi  Snni  ntj'm  c^nh  -Sd  itdS 
♦7ip  ]V^^  n7Vi  n"tr  v^y>  ipi  noxn  :  ,10^23 


CAP.  4,  5.     r\l  fl^E'N^:! 

26  -n^?  Nin-D^  ntJ'Si    :  pfj^  i^nn  o  S^D  nrrn 
CDjr?  xnjpS  Snin  m  tyi^N  ipB^-n{<  ^npn  ja 

IT 

CAPUT  5.    n 

I*  D^^^  D%iSK  J^'n?  dv?  ni^  ri'lSiri  n?)p  m 

At    T  :  IT  I  ■•  :  ;t  T  I  ;t     T  i  . .  j      . 

lY      :  IT     ■  ^     '■  T    T  T     .  .  *.T(  .      ^  T  )      .JT. 

3  idSv^  inioin  nSin  nii::^'  fiNoi  D*L*^^tr"  onx  »nn 

^   :    -   :  I  :    ■  v      /  -        T  T  -    :  <■  •  t  t        j    .1 

:  ni^ni  D^n  iSin  njc^'  nK*p  n^b^'  n^'ni^ 

7  n;i''"»nn  :  :r■1J^?■n^t  nSin  n^c*  nxpi  d^j^'  ::'prT 

8  D\n:?^'  nir'-^p'-SD  vnn_  :  ntui  D^jn  nSin.  n^g' 

D       :  nb^l  nj^'  niNp  :;'^n)  nk^>  nn^:^ 

^  .       '♦  niiDi  D\^?  "iSvn  n^^'  nixp  n^D^n  n^^' 

FINIS. 


^jM'Mlt'-]-i 


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